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year 1 - dentistry > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

3 main functions of carbohydrates

A
  • energy source
  • structural
  • intercellular communication (between cell)
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2
Q

how are the carbon in sugars with a ring structured numbered

A
  • clockwise with the carbonyl carbon number 1
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3
Q

what do larger monosaccharides form

A
  • ring structure
  • six member ring = pyranoses
  • five member ring = furanoses
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4
Q

what two ways are monosaccharides classified?

A
  • chemical nature of their carbonyl group : whether aldehyde or ketone
  • number of carbon atoms eg 6C or 7C
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5
Q

what two stereoisomers do monosaccharides form, which is the most common and how does this effect the monosaccharides

A
  • D and L stereoisomers
  • D isomer is the most common
  • effects how they react with other things and how it binds with other atoms/molecules
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6
Q

how is a chair conformation formed

A
  • due to electron repulsion

- where there is an OH group there is a possibility of it being reactive

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7
Q

how and by what process is a glycosidic bond formed

A
  • two monosaccharides react with each other forming a disaccharide
  • resulting in a glycosidic bond by condensation reaction
  • reaction with OH group on both monosaccharides
  • can either be alpha 1-4 linkage or beta 1-4 linkage ( depends on orientation of OH group)
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8
Q

what is a substituted sugar

A
  • carbohydrates which contain other chemical groups

: phosphate
: amino
: acetyl

  • depending on what group is added this can effect the sugar and therefore it’s properties
    : different charge
    : physical bulk
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9
Q

what is difference between disaccharides and oligosaccharides

A
  • disaccharide form any combination of two monosaccharides
  • oligosaccharides form more than a two / few
  • depending on type of monosaccharide and the bonds (alpha or beta) will lead to formation of different molecule
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10
Q

name the two groups of polysaccharides and what two properties do they have

A
  • homopolysaccharides - all the same monosaccharides
  • heteropolysacchqrides - different monosaccharides
  1. they can be linear/straight chains
  2. or they can be branched
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11
Q

what polysaccharide group does cellulose belong to and it’s functions

A
  • homopolysaccharide
  • main structural component of plant cell walls
  • linear chains of glucose joined by beta (1-4 glycosidic bonds)
  • very strong due to H bonding
  • insoluble
  • can bond with other polysaccharide into bundles of microfibrils into macrofibrils
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12
Q
  • what is chitin and what is it’s role

- how is chitin different from cellulose

A
  • it is a polysaccharide and forms the exoskeleton of insects
  • different to cellulose as it is formed if N - acetyl - D glucosamine (glucose w amine) - more charge due to amine groups resulting in stronger bonds
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13
Q
  • what is starch, it’s main role and what two polysaccharides is it made of
A
  • starch is a polysaccharide
  • storage molecule of plants
  • made of amylose and amylopectin
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14
Q

what is the main difference between amylose and amylopectin

A
  • amylose is a string of glucose molecules whereas amylopectin is a heavily branched molecule therefore easy access to glucose
  • in amylose glucose monomers linked by 1-4 linkage whereas in amylopectin it has occasional 1-6 linkage
  • due to the difference in linkage amylose has a helical structure therefore used for storage
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15
Q
  • what enzyme is starch hydrolysed by
A
  • enzyme amylase in which the glycosidic bond is hydrolysed
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16
Q
  • in animals what is the carbohydrate storage and what enzyme hydrolyses it
A
  • glycogen
  • it is a heavily branched polysaccharide that is hydrolysed to glucose monomers by glycogen phosphorylase and a debranching enzyme
17
Q

what are glycosaminoglycans

A
  • polysaccharides which are elastic, flexible molecules

- component of cartilage, skin and tendons

18
Q

what is a glycoproteins

A
  • short chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond covalently bound to proteins
  • branched
  • an important feature of bacterial cell walls
19
Q

why are they found on circulating proteins and examples of circulating proteins

A
  • hormones, antibodies, ecm, enzymes
  • found on circulating proteins as the sugars are specific on the type of monosaccharide they take and type of branching they have
20
Q

what two ways can carbohydrates be linked

A
  • n linked

- o linked

21
Q
  • main role of n linked
A
  • effect on protein folding, activity and cellular location
22
Q
  • how are o linked carbs occur and main role
A
  • occur in clusters on proteins

- protective role eg. mucin

23
Q

where is mucin found and what it’s role

A
  • mucin is found in saliva
  • mucin is covered in groups of o linked sugar allowing proteins the slide around - sliminess formation of mucus coat protection from oral bacteria
  • mucin bring the viscosity to saliva and lubricating the mouth
24
Q

what sugars are glycolipids bound to and what is it’s role

A
  • bound to: cerebrosides and ganglioside
  • found in the membrane, involved with communication within self
  • contains some oligosaccharides as glycoproteins
25
Q
  • what is glycoRNA

- where is it found

A
  • sugars bound to rna molecules

- found on plasma membrane

26
Q

what are the 5 steps of the digestion of carbohydrates

A
  1. begins in the mouth
  2. saliva contains alpha amylase enzyme which hydrolyses starch
  3. hydrolyses the 1-4 linkages
  4. chewing and breakdowns reduces polysaccharide to oligosaccharides of 8 or less monomers
  5. further digested in small intestine by pancreatic alpha amylase and other glycosidases
27
Q

how can carbohydrates effect oral health

A
  • high carb intake linked to oral disease
    : caries
    : gum disease
  • sugar can be a good source for bacteria
28
Q

how is glycocalyx produced and what does it form

A
  • glycoproteins and glycolipids on cell surface form glycocalyx
  • forming a thick protective barrier
  • in bacteria the glycocalyx can form a layer on which bacteria sticks to leading to infections - tooth decay

year 1 - dentistry (24 decks)

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