introduction and diagnosis Flashcards
What is pathology?
The study of disease
How is a diagnosis made?
Gathering Information:
Clinical
Radiographic
Historical
Laboratory
Microscopic
Surgical
Therapeutic
What is the differential diagnosis?
The point in the diagnostic process when the practitioner determines which tests or procedures are needed to rule out other suspected conditions and establish the definitive diagnosis.
History of Present Illness
Location
Quality (sharp pain, dull ache…)
Severity (pain scale 1-10)
Onset/ Duration (when did it start? how long have you had the pain?)
Timing (constant, intermittent…)
Context/ Aggravating factors (what makes it worse?)
Modifying factors (what makes it better?)
Other associated signs and symptoms
What are Fordyce granules?
Ectopic sebaceous glands.
How common are Fordyce granules?
They occur in 80% of the population.
What do Fordyce granules look like?
Yellow-white papules.
Where are Fordyce granules commonly found?
On the lips and buccal mucosa.
What is Torus Palatinus?
An exophytic growth of normal compact bone on the midline of the hard palate.
Who is more likely to have Torus Palatinus?
Females.
What shapes and sizes does Torus Palatinus have?
It varies in shapes and sizes.
What are Mandibular Tori?
Exophytic outgrowths of normal compact bone on the lingual aspect of the mandible.
Are Mandibular Tori usually bilateral or unilateral?
90% are bilateral.
What covers Torus Palatinus and Mandibular Tori?
Normal mucosa.
Who is more likely to have Mandibular Tori?
Males.
How do Torus Palatinus and Mandibular Tori develop?
Gradually.
Can Torus Palatinus and Mandibular Tori be traumatized?
Yes.
How do Torus Palatinus and Mandibular Tori appear on radiographs?
As radiopaque structures.
When is treatment for Torus Palatinus and Mandibular Tori needed?
Only if they interfere with denture fabrication.
What is Oral Melanin Pigmentation?
The presence of melanin in the oral mucosa that is normal in patients with darker skin.
What are Lingual Varicosities?
Prominent lingual veins on the lateral surface of the tongue.
What color are Lingual Varicosities?
Red, blue, or purple.
Who is most likely to have Lingual Varicosities?
Patients older than 60; They are thought to be age-related.
What is Linea Alba?
A “white line” on the buccal mucosa along the occlusal plane.
Is Linea Alba usually unilateral or bilateral?
bilateral
When can Linea Alba be more prominent?
In patients who clench or grind their teeth.
What is Leukoedema?
Generalized opalescence on bilateral buccal mucosa.
Who is most commonly affected by Leukoedema?
It is most commonly seen in black patients (up to 90%).
What happens when the mucosa is stretched in cases of Leukoedema?
The gray-white hue can momentarily disappear.
What is Lingual Thyroid?
Remnants of the thyroid gland becoming entrapped in the tongue tissue during development.
Who is more likely to have Lingual Thyroid?
It has a high predilection in females.
Where is a Lingual Thyroid mass typically found?
In the midline of the posterior dorsal tongue.
How is Lingual Thyroid diagnosed?
With a thyroid scan.
What is the cause of Median Rhomboid Glossitis?
The cause is not clear, but it may be associated with Candida albicans.
What does the lesion of Median Rhomboid Glossitis look like?
An oval or rectangular red (erythematous) area in the midline of the dorsal tongue.
What is absent in the area affected by Median Rhomboid Glossitis?
It is devoid of filiform papillae.
What is the cause of Fissured Tongue?
The cause is unknown.
What does Fissured Tongue look like?
The dorsal surface of the tongue has fissures or grooves 2-6mm deep.
Is Fissured Tongue associated with any other condition?
It is commonly associated with geographic tongue.
How can debris be removed from a fissured tongue?
By tongue scraping.
How do the areas affected by Erythema Migrans behave?
The areas migrate.
Is there a potential genetic component to Fissured Tongue?
Yes, it may have a genetic component.
What is the cause of Erythema Migrans (Geographic Tongue)?
The cause is not clear.
What does Erythema Migrans look like?
Erythematous areas devoid of filiform papillae with a serpentine yellow-white slightly raised border.
What can exacerbate Erythema Migrans?
Stress
Is there a genetic component to Erythema Migrans?
Yes
How does the histopathology of Erythema Migrans compare?
It is similar to psoriasis.
Can Erythema Migrans be triggered by food?
Yes, there may be sensitivity to spicy food.
What is “ectopic geographic tongue”?
Lesions found on mucosal surfaces other than the tongue.
What causes Hairy Tongue?
Increased accumulation of keratin on the filiform papillae.
What color is Hairy Tongue typically?
It is usually white but may be pigmented brown-black due to bacteria, tobacco, or certain foods.
What are common associations with Hairy Tongue?
Tobacco use and poor oral hygiene.
How should Hairy Tongue be distinguished from Oral Hairy Leukoplakia?
Hairy Tongue is caused by keratin accumulation, while Oral Hairy Leukoplakia is due to Epstein-Barr virus.
