introduction and diagnosis

Question 1

What is pathology?

Answer 1

The study of disease

Question 2

How is a diagnosis made?

Answer 2

Gathering Information:
Clinical
Radiographic
Historical
Laboratory
Microscopic
Surgical
Therapeutic

Question 3

What is the differential diagnosis?

Answer 3

The point in the diagnostic process when the practitioner determines which tests or procedures are needed to rule out other suspected conditions and establish the definitive diagnosis.

Question 4

History of Present Illness

Answer 4

Location
Quality (sharp pain, dull ache…)
Severity (pain scale 1-10)
Onset/ Duration (when did it start? how long have you had the pain?)
Timing (constant, intermittent…)
Context/ Aggravating factors (what makes it worse?)
Modifying factors (what makes it better?)
Other associated signs and symptoms

Question 4

What are Fordyce granules?

Answer 4

Ectopic sebaceous glands.

Question 5

How common are Fordyce granules?

Answer 5

They occur in 80% of the population.

Question 6

What do Fordyce granules look like?

Answer 6

Yellow-white papules.

Question 7

Where are Fordyce granules commonly found?

Answer 7

On the lips and buccal mucosa.

Question 8

What is Torus Palatinus?

Answer 8

An exophytic growth of normal compact bone on the midline of the hard palate.

Question 9

Who is more likely to have Torus Palatinus?

Answer 9

Females.

Question 10

What shapes and sizes does Torus Palatinus have?

Answer 10

It varies in shapes and sizes.

Question 11

What are Mandibular Tori?

Answer 11

Exophytic outgrowths of normal compact bone on the lingual aspect of the mandible.

Question 12

Are Mandibular Tori usually bilateral or unilateral?

Answer 12

90% are bilateral.

Question 13

What covers Torus Palatinus and Mandibular Tori?

Answer 13

Normal mucosa.

Question 14

Who is more likely to have Mandibular Tori?

Answer 14

Males.

Question 15

How do Torus Palatinus and Mandibular Tori develop?

Answer 15

Gradually.

Question 16

Can Torus Palatinus and Mandibular Tori be traumatized?

Answer 16

Yes.

Question 17

How do Torus Palatinus and Mandibular Tori appear on radiographs?

Answer 17

As radiopaque structures.

Question 18

When is treatment for Torus Palatinus and Mandibular Tori needed?

Answer 18

Only if they interfere with denture fabrication.

Question 19

What is Oral Melanin Pigmentation?

Answer 19

The presence of melanin in the oral mucosa that is normal in patients with darker skin.

Question 20

What are Lingual Varicosities?

Answer 20

Prominent lingual veins on the lateral surface of the tongue.

Question 21

What color are Lingual Varicosities?

Answer 21

Red, blue, or purple.

Question 22

Who is most likely to have Lingual Varicosities?

Answer 22

Patients older than 60; They are thought to be age-related.

Question 23

What is Linea Alba?

Answer 23

A “white line” on the buccal mucosa along the occlusal plane.

Question 24

Is Linea Alba usually unilateral or bilateral?

Answer 24

bilateral

Question 25

When can Linea Alba be more prominent?

Answer 25

In patients who clench or grind their teeth.

Question 26

What is Leukoedema?

Answer 26

Generalized opalescence on bilateral buccal mucosa.

Question 27

Who is most commonly affected by Leukoedema?

Answer 27

It is most commonly seen in black patients (up to 90%).

Question 28

What happens when the mucosa is stretched in cases of Leukoedema?

Answer 28

The gray-white hue can momentarily disappear.

Question 29

What is Lingual Thyroid?

Answer 29

Remnants of the thyroid gland becoming entrapped in the tongue tissue during development.

Question 30

Who is more likely to have Lingual Thyroid?

Answer 30

It has a high predilection in females.

Question 30

Where is a Lingual Thyroid mass typically found?

Answer 30

In the midline of the posterior dorsal tongue.

Question 30

How is Lingual Thyroid diagnosed?

Answer 30

With a thyroid scan.

Question 31

What is the cause of Median Rhomboid Glossitis?

Answer 31

The cause is not clear, but it may be associated with Candida albicans.

Question 31

What does the lesion of Median Rhomboid Glossitis look like?

Answer 31

An oval or rectangular red (erythematous) area in the midline of the dorsal tongue.

Question 32

What is absent in the area affected by Median Rhomboid Glossitis?

Answer 32

It is devoid of filiform papillae.

Question 33

What is the cause of Fissured Tongue?

Answer 33

The cause is unknown.

Question 33

What does Fissured Tongue look like?

Answer 33

The dorsal surface of the tongue has fissures or grooves 2-6mm deep.

Question 34

Is Fissured Tongue associated with any other condition?

Answer 34

It is commonly associated with geographic tongue.

Question 34

How can debris be removed from a fissured tongue?

Answer 34

By tongue scraping.

Question 35

How do the areas affected by Erythema Migrans behave?

Answer 35

The areas migrate.

Question 36

Is there a potential genetic component to Fissured Tongue?

Answer 36

Yes, it may have a genetic component.

Question 37

What is the cause of Erythema Migrans (Geographic Tongue)?

Answer 37

The cause is not clear.

Question 38

What does Erythema Migrans look like?

Answer 38

Erythematous areas devoid of filiform papillae with a serpentine yellow-white slightly raised border.

Question 39

What can exacerbate Erythema Migrans?

Answer 39

Stress

Question 40

Is there a genetic component to Erythema Migrans?

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

How does the histopathology of Erythema Migrans compare?

Answer 41

It is similar to psoriasis.

Question 42

Can Erythema Migrans be triggered by food?

Answer 42

Yes, there may be sensitivity to spicy food.

Question 43

What is "ectopic geographic tongue"?

Answer 43

Lesions found on mucosal surfaces other than the tongue.

Question 44

What causes Hairy Tongue?

Answer 44

Increased accumulation of keratin on the filiform papillae.

Question 45

What color is Hairy Tongue typically?

Answer 45

It is usually white but may be pigmented brown-black due to bacteria, tobacco, or certain foods.

Question 46

What are common associations with Hairy Tongue?

Answer 46

Tobacco use and poor oral hygiene.

Question 47

How should Hairy Tongue be distinguished from Oral Hairy Leukoplakia?

Answer 47

Hairy Tongue is caused by keratin accumulation, while Oral Hairy Leukoplakia is due to Epstein-Barr virus.