Neoplasia Flashcards
What is neoplasia?
The formation of a new, abnormal growth of tissue.
How are benign tumors named?
Cell of origin + “oma” (e.g., adenoma).
How are malignant tumors named?
Cell of origin + sarcoma/carcinoma/leukemia/lymphoma.
Are benign tumors well or poorly differentiated?
Well differentiated.
Do benign tumors metastasize?
No, they remain localized.
Do malignant tumors invade surrounding tissue?
Yes, they are invasive and destroy surrounding tissue.
How do malignant tumors spread?
Through blood and lymphatic systems (metastasis).
What are common treatments for malignant tumors?
Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
What is metastasis?
The spread of a tumor to discontinuous sites in the body.
Does a metastatic tumor change its original cancer type?
No, it retains its original cancer type.
What is a fibroma?
A benign tumor of fibrous connective tissue.
What is a hemangioma?
A benign tumor of blood vessels, variable in size, blanches with pressure.
What is a lipoma?
A benign tumor of adipose tissue, yellow in color, often in the buccal mucosa and vestibule.
What is a papilloma?
A benign epithelial proliferation, related to human papillomavirus, with no malignancy risk.
What are neurofibroma and schwannoma?
Benign nerve tumors, often associated with neurofibromatosis.
What is a lymphangioma?
A benign tumor of lymphatic vessels, congenital, with a “frog eggs” appearance on the tongue.
What is a granular cell tumor?
A benign tumor of granular cells, found on the dorsal tongue, may show pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia.
What is an odontoma?
A benign odontogenic tumor containing enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.
What is a nevus?
A benign tumor of melanocytes, appearing tan-brown, commonly on the hard palate.
What is a pleomorphic adenoma?
A benign salivary gland tumor, also called “benign mixed tumor,” commonly found in the parotid gland and hard palate.
What are the two types of odontomas?
Compound: Resembles small teeth.
Complex: Appears as a mass that does not resemble teeth.
What is a cementoblastoma?
A benign cementum-producing tumor fused to the tooth root.
What percentage of cancers are caused by tobacco?
Approximately 20% of cancers and 30% of cancer-related deaths.
What is an ameloblastoma?
A locally aggressive jaw tumor, causing expansion, with a “soap bubble/honeycomb” radiographic appearance and a high recurrence rate.
What percentage of cancers are caused by alcohol?
About 6% of cancers and 4% of cancer-related deaths.
What is areca nut and betel leaf linked to?
Oral cancer.
What is the combined effect of tobacco and alcohol?
Their effects are synergistic, meaning they increase cancer risk more than individually.
What type of cancer is linked to radiation exposure?
Lip cancer from UV radiation and other cancers from previous radiation therapy.
Which HPV strain is linked to oropharyngeal cancer?
HPV High-risk strain 16.
What are some occupational exposures that increase cancer risk?
Phenolic agents linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and iron deficiency syndromes.
Which hereditary conditions increase cancer risk?
Dyskeratosis congenita and Fanconi anemia.
Which virus causes leukemia?
HTLV-1.
Which virus is linked to cervical and oropharyngeal cancers?
HPV (Human Papillomavirus).
Which virus is associated with lymphoma?
Epstein-Barr Virus.
Which viruses are linked to liver cancer?
Hepatitis B and C.
Which bacteria is linked to gastric cancer?
H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori).
What causes tobacco pouch keratosis?
It results from mucosal alteration due to tobacco placement.
What are the characteristics of tobacco pouch keratosis?
White diffuse changes with fissuring, black stain on teeth, and root caries.
What causes oral submucous fibrosis?
Chewing areca nut and betel leaf, NOT REVERSIBLE.
What are the signs of oral submucous fibrosis?
Mucosal pallor, trismus, fibrous bands, and red-orange stain.
What histologic features are associated with leukoplakia?
Epithelial dysplasia, squamous cell carcinoma, and hyperkeratosis.
What is proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL)?
A persistent, slow-spreading lesion with rough, keratotic plaques.
What is the risk of squamous cell carcinoma in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia?
It has a high risk for squamous cell carcinoma.
Which area of the mouth does proliferative verrucous leukoplakia typically involve?
It often involves the gingiva.
How dangerous is erythroplakia compared to leukoplakia?
It is more dangerous but less common.
What histologic features are associated with erythroplakia?
Epithelial dysplasia, candidiasis, bleeding disorder, and squamous cell carcinoma.
What is erythroplakia?
An oral mucosal lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or a granular red and velvety patch.
What is the risk of intraoral cancer related to?
It increases with age, especially for males.
Can squamous cell carcinoma invade bone or metastasize?
Yes, it can invade bone and metastasize to lymph nodes.
What is HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma?
Malignant tumor of squamous epithelium, linked to HPV (70% of cases), with tonsils being the most common site.
What are high-risk sites for squamous cell carcinoma?
Lateral tongue and floor of the mouth.
What is induration?
Localized hardening of soft tissue, making the area firm but not as hard as bone.
What is verrucous carcinoma?
A type of squamous cell carcinoma with a better prognosis, commonly found in men over 55, linked to smokeless tobacco.
What is basal cell carcinoma?
Malignant skin tumor associated with sun exposure, typically presenting as a non-healing ulcer with rolled borders.
What is malignant melanoma?
A rare malignant tumor of melanocytes in the mouth, often seen in the hard palate and maxillary gingiva.
What is adenoid cystic carcinoma?
Malignant tumor of salivary gland origin, with “swiss cheese” appearance under the microscope. Involves nerve invasion causing pain.
What is mucoepidermoid carcinoma?
Most common malignant salivary gland tumor, with the parotid being the extraoral site and hard palate the intraoral site.
Where does adenoid cystic carcinoma commonly occur?
Extraoral site: Parotid. Intraoral site: Hard palate.
What is osteosarcoma?
Malignant bone tumor, more common in the mandible, affecting men and individuals under 40. It shows a “sunburst” radiographic appearance.
What is lymphoma?
Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue, with B-cell lymphomas being more common in the mouth.
What is leukemia?
Malignant proliferation of white blood cells, affecting bone marrow and circulating blood and tissue.
What is multiple myeloma?
Malignant plasma cell disorder causing destructive bone lesions and producing Bence Jones proteins in the urine.
What is Kaposi Sarcoma?
A cancer related to HIV/AIDS, caused by HHV-8 virus.
What are metastatic oral tumors?
Tumors that spread from distant organs (e.g., breast, lung, prostate, kidney), causing symptoms like pain, paresthesia, and loosening of teeth.
What are common oral complications of cancer treatment?
Dry mouth, thick saliva, mucositis, infections.
What eating difficulties can occur due to cancer treatment?
Swallowing issues, taste loss, nausea.
What are some physical side effects of cancer treatment?
Fatigue, hair loss, skin changes.
