Neoplasia

Question 1

What is neoplasia?

Answer 1

The formation of a new, abnormal growth of tissue.

Question 2

How are benign tumors named?

Answer 2

Cell of origin + “oma” (e.g., adenoma).

Question 3

How are malignant tumors named?

Answer 3

Cell of origin + sarcoma/carcinoma/leukemia/lymphoma.

Question 4

Are benign tumors well or poorly differentiated?

Answer 4

Well differentiated.

Question 5

Do benign tumors metastasize?

Answer 5

No, they remain localized.

Question 6

Do malignant tumors invade surrounding tissue?

Answer 6

Yes, they are invasive and destroy surrounding tissue.

Question 7

How do malignant tumors spread?

Answer 7

Through blood and lymphatic systems (metastasis).

Question 8

What are common treatments for malignant tumors?

Answer 8

Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

Question 9

What is metastasis?

Answer 9

The spread of a tumor to discontinuous sites in the body.

Question 10

Does a metastatic tumor change its original cancer type?

Answer 10

No, it retains its original cancer type.

Question 11

What is a fibroma?

Answer 11

A benign tumor of fibrous connective tissue.

Question 12

What is a hemangioma?

Answer 12

A benign tumor of blood vessels, variable in size, blanches with pressure.

Question 13

What is a lipoma?

Answer 13

A benign tumor of adipose tissue, yellow in color, often in the buccal mucosa and vestibule.

Question 14

What is a papilloma?

Answer 14

A benign epithelial proliferation, related to human papillomavirus, with no malignancy risk.

Question 15

What are neurofibroma and schwannoma?

Answer 15

Benign nerve tumors, often associated with neurofibromatosis.

Question 16

What is a lymphangioma?

Answer 16

A benign tumor of lymphatic vessels, congenital, with a “frog eggs” appearance on the tongue.

Question 17

What is a granular cell tumor?

Answer 17

A benign tumor of granular cells, found on the dorsal tongue, may show pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia.

Question 18

What is an odontoma?

Answer 18

A benign odontogenic tumor containing enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.

Question 19

What is a nevus?

Answer 19

A benign tumor of melanocytes, appearing tan-brown, commonly on the hard palate.

Question 20

What is a pleomorphic adenoma?

Answer 20

A benign salivary gland tumor, also called “benign mixed tumor,” commonly found in the parotid gland and hard palate.

Question 21

What are the two types of odontomas?

Answer 21

Compound: Resembles small teeth.
Complex: Appears as a mass that does not resemble teeth.

Question 22

What is a cementoblastoma?

Answer 22

A benign cementum-producing tumor fused to the tooth root.

Question 23

What percentage of cancers are caused by tobacco?

Answer 23

Approximately 20% of cancers and 30% of cancer-related deaths.

Question 23

What is an ameloblastoma?

Answer 23

A locally aggressive jaw tumor, causing expansion, with a “soap bubble/honeycomb” radiographic appearance and a high recurrence rate.

Question 24

What percentage of cancers are caused by alcohol?

Answer 24

About 6% of cancers and 4% of cancer-related deaths.

Question 25

What is areca nut and betel leaf linked to?

Answer 25

Oral cancer.

Question 25

What is the combined effect of tobacco and alcohol?

Answer 25

Their effects are synergistic, meaning they increase cancer risk more than individually.

Question 26

What type of cancer is linked to radiation exposure?

Answer 26

Lip cancer from UV radiation and other cancers from previous radiation therapy.

Question 27

Which HPV strain is linked to oropharyngeal cancer?

Answer 27

HPV High-risk strain 16.

Question 28

What are some occupational exposures that increase cancer risk?

Answer 28

Phenolic agents linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and iron deficiency syndromes.

Question 29

Which hereditary conditions increase cancer risk?

Answer 29

Dyskeratosis congenita and Fanconi anemia.

Question 30

Which virus causes leukemia?

Answer 30

HTLV-1.

Question 31

Which virus is linked to cervical and oropharyngeal cancers?

Answer 31

HPV (Human Papillomavirus).

Question 32

Which virus is associated with lymphoma?

Answer 32

Epstein-Barr Virus.

Question 32

Which viruses are linked to liver cancer?

Answer 32

Hepatitis B and C.

Question 33

Which bacteria is linked to gastric cancer?

Answer 33

H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori).

Question 34

What causes tobacco pouch keratosis?

Answer 34

It results from mucosal alteration due to tobacco placement.

Question 35

What are the characteristics of tobacco pouch keratosis?

Answer 35

White diffuse changes with fissuring, black stain on teeth, and root caries.

Question 36

What causes oral submucous fibrosis?

Answer 36

Chewing areca nut and betel leaf, NOT REVERSIBLE.

Question 37

What are the signs of oral submucous fibrosis?

Answer 37

Mucosal pallor, trismus, fibrous bands, and red-orange stain.

Question 38

What histologic features are associated with leukoplakia?

Answer 38

Epithelial dysplasia, squamous cell carcinoma, and hyperkeratosis.

Question 38

What is proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL)?

Answer 38

A persistent, slow-spreading lesion with rough, keratotic plaques.

Question 39

What is the risk of squamous cell carcinoma in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia?

Answer 39

It has a high risk for squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 40

Which area of the mouth does proliferative verrucous leukoplakia typically involve?

Answer 40

It often involves the gingiva.

Question 41

How dangerous is erythroplakia compared to leukoplakia?

Answer 41

It is more dangerous but less common.

Question 41

What histologic features are associated with erythroplakia?

Answer 41

Epithelial dysplasia, candidiasis, bleeding disorder, and squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 42

What is erythroplakia?

Answer 42

An oral mucosal lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or a granular red and velvety patch.

Question 43

What is the risk of intraoral cancer related to?

Answer 43

It increases with age, especially for males.

Question 44

Can squamous cell carcinoma invade bone or metastasize?

Answer 44

Yes, it can invade bone and metastasize to lymph nodes.

Question 44

What is HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 44

Malignant tumor of squamous epithelium, linked to HPV (70% of cases), with tonsils being the most common site.

Question 45

What are high-risk sites for squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 45

Lateral tongue and floor of the mouth.

Question 46

What is induration?

Answer 46

Localized hardening of soft tissue, making the area firm but not as hard as bone.

Question 47

What is verrucous carcinoma?

Answer 47

A type of squamous cell carcinoma with a better prognosis, commonly found in men over 55, linked to smokeless tobacco.

Question 48

What is basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 48

Malignant skin tumor associated with sun exposure, typically presenting as a non-healing ulcer with rolled borders.

Question 49

What is malignant melanoma?

Answer 49

A rare malignant tumor of melanocytes in the mouth, often seen in the hard palate and maxillary gingiva.

Question 50

What is adenoid cystic carcinoma?

Answer 50

Malignant tumor of salivary gland origin, with "swiss cheese" appearance under the microscope. Involves nerve invasion causing pain.

Question 51

What is mucoepidermoid carcinoma?

Answer 51

Most common malignant salivary gland tumor, with the parotid being the extraoral site and hard palate the intraoral site.

Question 52

Where does adenoid cystic carcinoma commonly occur?

Answer 52

Extraoral site: Parotid. Intraoral site: Hard palate.

Question 53

What is osteosarcoma?

Answer 53

Malignant bone tumor, more common in the mandible, affecting men and individuals under 40. It shows a "sunburst" radiographic appearance.

Question 54

What is lymphoma?

Answer 54

Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue, with B-cell lymphomas being more common in the mouth.

Question 55

What is leukemia?

Answer 55

Malignant proliferation of white blood cells, affecting bone marrow and circulating blood and tissue.

Question 56

What is multiple myeloma?

Answer 56

Malignant plasma cell disorder causing destructive bone lesions and producing Bence Jones proteins in the urine.

Question 57

What is Kaposi Sarcoma?

Answer 57

A cancer related to HIV/AIDS, caused by HHV-8 virus.

Question 58

What are metastatic oral tumors?

Answer 58

Tumors that spread from distant organs (e.g., breast, lung, prostate, kidney), causing symptoms like pain, paresthesia, and loosening of teeth.

Question 59

What are common oral complications of cancer treatment?

Answer 59

Dry mouth, thick saliva, mucositis, infections.

Question 60

What eating difficulties can occur due to cancer treatment?

Answer 60

Swallowing issues, taste loss, nausea.

Question 61

What are some physical side effects of cancer treatment?

Answer 61

Fatigue, hair loss, skin changes.