infectious disease

Question 1

What organism causes Impetigo?

Answer 1

Staphylococcus aureus (sometimes Streptococcus pyogenes).

Question 2

How is Impetigo transmitted?

Answer 2

Direct contact, skin in areas of abrasions and cuts.

Question 3

Who is most affected by Impetigo?

Answer 3

Young children, those in crowded living conditions.

Question 4

What is the treatment for Impetigo?

Answer 4

Antibiotics and removal of crusts with a clean cloth soaked in warm water.

Question 5

What organisms cause Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis?

Answer 5

Streptococci, adenovirus, influenza, Epstein Barr virus.

Question 6

How is Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis transmitted?

Answer 6

Person-to-person contact through respiratory droplets or oral secretions.

Question 7

What are complications of Streptococcus Tonsillitis/Pharyngitis?

Answer 7

Scarlet Fever and Rheumatic Fever.

Question 8

What is Scarlet Fever?

Answer 8

generalized skin rash from bacterial toxin and strawberry tongue.

Question 9

What is Rheumatic Fever?

Answer 9

A condition where antibodies react to host tissue, causing inflammation of the heart, joints, and CNS.

Question 10

What causes Actinomycosis?

Answer 10

Actinomyces israelii.

Question 11

What is a common presentation of Actinomycosis?

Answer 11

Abscess with bright yellow granules (“sulfur granules”).

Question 12

How is Syphilis transmitted?

Answer 12

Direct contact (sex or mother to fetus).

Question 13

What are the stages of Syphilis?

Answer 13

Primary (chancre)
Secondary (rash, flu-like symptoms)
Tertiary (cardiovascular issues, CNS issues, gumma).

Question 14

What oral manifestation is seen in congenital syphilis?

Answer 14

Hutchinson Incisors and Mulberry Molars.

Question 15

What organisms cause Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)?

Answer 15

Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema spp, Selenomas spp.

Question 16

What factors contribute to Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis?

Answer 16

Stress, smoking, poor nutrition, immunosuppression, poor oral hygiene.

Question 17

What is the treatment for Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis?

Answer 17

Tissue debridement with anesthetic, chlorhexidine rinse, systemic antibiotics.

Question 18

What is Pericoronitis?

Answer 18

Inflammation around the crown of an impacted tooth.

Question 19

What organism causes Tuberculosis (TB)?

Answer 19

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Question 20

How is TB transmitted?

Answer 20

Airborne droplets from people with active TB.

Question 21

What are symptoms of active TB?

Answer 21

Symptoms, abnormal chest X-ray, +AFB in sputum, contagious.

Question 22

What is the treatment for TB?

Answer 22

Multi-agent antibiotic therapy.

Question 23

What is the role of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine in TB?

Answer 23

It is used to prevent TB but is not used in the US.

Question 24

What is candidiasis and which organism causes it?

Answer 24

The most common oral fungal infection caused by Candida albicans.

Question 25

What increases the risk of candidiasis?

Answer 25

Antibiotics, cancer therapy, steroids, diabetes, HIV, etc.

Question 26

What is the presentation of Pseudomembranous Candidiasis?

Answer 26

White curd-like plaques that rub off, leaving an erythematous base.

Question 27

What is the treatment for Candidiasis?

Answer 27

Antifungal therapy.

Question 28

What is the cause of Mucormycosis?

Answer 28

A common inhabitant of soil, affecting diabetic and severely debilitated patients.

Question 29

What is osteomyelitis?

Answer 29

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow.

Question 29

What acute and chronic osteomyelitis?

Answer 29

Acute: results from peripical granuloma extenstion Chronic: Pain, swelling, radiolucency.

Question 30

What is the treatment for osteomyelitis?

Answer 30

Antimicrobial therapy and surgery.

Question 31

What is the difference between high-risk and low-risk HPV types?

Answer 31

High-risk HPV types are associated with cancer low-risk types are not

Question 32

How is HPV transmitted?

Answer 32

Direct contact (skin-to-skin or mucosal contact).

Question 33

What type of HPV causes Squamous Papilloma?

Answer 33

Low-risk HPV types 6 & 11.

Question 34

Where does Verruca Vulgaris (skin wart) typically develop?

Answer 34

On the skin, though it may rarely develop in the oral mucosa.

Question 35

Which HPV type causes Verruca Vulgaris?

Answer 35

Low-risk HPV type 2.

Question 36

How is Verruca Vulgaris transmitted?

Answer 36

Contagious, can spread via autoinoculation.

Question 37

Where does Condyloma Acuminatum (genital wart) develop?

Answer 37

In the genital area.

Question 38

What HPV types are typically associated with Condyloma Acuminatum?

Answer 38

Low-risk HPV types 6 & 11.

Question 39

What high-risk HPV types are often present with Condyloma Acuminatum?

Answer 39

HPV types 16 and 18.

Question 40

How is Condyloma Acuminatum transmitted?

Answer 40

Through sexual contact.

Question 41

What does the presence of Condyloma Acuminatum in young children indicate?

Answer 41

It may suggest sexual abuse.

Question 42

What percentage of oropharyngeal cancers are related to HPV?

Answer 42

70% of oropharyngeal cancers.

Question 43

Which HPV type is linked to oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 43

High-risk HPV type 16.

Question 44

What characteristic virus does HPV type 16 have?

Answer 44

It is oncogenic, meaning cancer-causing.

Question 45

How is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) transmitted?

Answer 45

Direct contact.

Question 45

What is the purpose of the HPV vaccine?

Answer 45

To prevent infections that may lead to cancer or genital warts.

Question 46

What is the primary infection caused by HSV-1?

Answer 46

Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis.

Question 47

What is the reactivation of HSV-1 commonly known as?

Answer 47

Herpes labialis (cold sores).

Question 48

Which HSV type causes primarily genital infections?

Answer 48

HSV-2.

Question 49

What are the symptoms of Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis?

Answer 49

Painful, erythematous, swollen gingiva, multiple vesicles turning into ulcers, fever, malaise, and cervical lymphadenopathy.

Question 50

What triggers recurrent herpes infections?

Answer 50

Sunlight, stress, fever, fatigue, menstruation.

Question 50

Where do recurrent HSV infections typically occur?

Answer 50

On the vermillion border (cold sores) or intraoral (keratinized gingiva).

Question 51

What is the difference between Aphthous Ulcers and Herpes Ulcers?

Answer 51

Aphthous ulcers occur on non-keratinized mucosa, 3-10mm in size, with 1-2 lesions. Herpes ulcers occur on keratinized mucosa, 1-3mm in size, with multiple vesicles.

Question 52

How long does recurrent herpes heal without scarring?

Answer 52

7-10 days.

Question 53

What symptoms occur during the prodromal stage of herpes?

Answer 53

Pain, burning, tingling.

Question 54

What is Herpetic Whitlow?

Answer 54

A painful finger infection caused by HSV.

Question 55

How is Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) transmitted?

Answer 55

Respiratory aerosols, contact with skin secretions.

Question 56

What disease does VZV cause in children?

Answer 56

Chickenpox (Varicella).

Question 57

What is the population most affected by Shingles (Herpes Zoster)?

Answer 57

Adults, particularly immunocompromised individuals.

Question 58

What diseases are associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)?

Answer 58

Infectious mononucleosis (kissing disease), oral hairy leukoplakia, mucocutaneous ulcers, and certain cancers.

Question 59

What diseases are caused by Coxsackievirus?

Answer 59

Herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, acute lymphonodular pharyngitis.

Question 60

How is HIV transmitted?

Answer 60

Sexual contact, parenteral inoculation, vertical transmission.

Question 61

What fluids are involved in HIV transmission?

Answer 61

Blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids.

Question 62

What are the stages of HIV infection?

Answer 62

Acute Stage (flu-like symptoms) Chronic Stage (asymptomatic) AIDS Stage (opportunistic infections, secondary cancers).

Question 63

What is the CD4 count indicating AIDS?

Answer 63

CD4 count of <200 cells/mm³.

Question 64

What is ART in HIV treatment?

Answer 64

Antiretroviral Therapy, a daily combination therapy to reduce viral load and prevent progression to AIDS.

Question 65

What are the oral manifestations of HIV?

Answer 65

Oral candidiasis oral hairy leukoplakia Kaposi sarcoma non-Hodgkin lymphoma linear gingival erythema necrotizing gingivitis & periodontitis oral hyperpigmentation salivary gland disease.

Question 66

What is Oral Hairy Leukoplakia caused by?

Answer 66

Epstein-Barr virus, presenting as white lesions on the lateral borders of the tongue.

Question 67

What is Kaposi Sarcoma in HIV patients?

Answer 67

A vascular neoplasm often appearing in the oral cavity, caused by Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).

Question 68

What is Necrotizing Gingivitis in HIV patients?

Answer 68

Ulceration and necrosis of the interdental papilla, causing pain and bleeding.

Question 69

What is Necrotizing Periodontitis in HIV patients?

Answer 69

Ulceration and necrosis of the interdental papilla with bone loss.

Question 70

What is Oral Hyperpigmentation in HIV patients?

Answer 70

Increased melanin pigmentation in the oral mucosa.

Question 71

What is the significance of Molluscum Contagiosum in HIV patients?

Answer 71

It causes waxy, dome-shaped nodules on the face and oral cavity.