infectious disease Flashcards
What organism causes Impetigo?
Staphylococcus aureus (sometimes Streptococcus pyogenes).
How is Impetigo transmitted?
Direct contact, skin in areas of abrasions and cuts.
Who is most affected by Impetigo?
Young children, those in crowded living conditions.
What is the treatment for Impetigo?
Antibiotics and removal of crusts with a clean cloth soaked in warm water.
What organisms cause Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis?
Streptococci, adenovirus, influenza, Epstein Barr virus.
How is Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis transmitted?
Person-to-person contact through respiratory droplets or oral secretions.
What are complications of Streptococcus Tonsillitis/Pharyngitis?
Scarlet Fever and Rheumatic Fever.
What is Scarlet Fever?
generalized skin rash from bacterial toxin and strawberry tongue.
What is Rheumatic Fever?
A condition where antibodies react to host tissue, causing inflammation of the heart, joints, and CNS.
What causes Actinomycosis?
Actinomyces israelii.
What is a common presentation of Actinomycosis?
Abscess with bright yellow granules (“sulfur granules”).
How is Syphilis transmitted?
Direct contact (sex or mother to fetus).
What are the stages of Syphilis?
Primary (chancre)
Secondary (rash, flu-like symptoms)
Tertiary (cardiovascular issues, CNS issues, gumma).
What oral manifestation is seen in congenital syphilis?
Hutchinson Incisors and Mulberry Molars.
What organisms cause Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)?
Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema spp, Selenomas spp.
What factors contribute to Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis?
Stress, smoking, poor nutrition, immunosuppression, poor oral hygiene.
What is the treatment for Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis?
Tissue debridement with anesthetic, chlorhexidine rinse, systemic antibiotics.
What is Pericoronitis?
Inflammation around the crown of an impacted tooth.
What organism causes Tuberculosis (TB)?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
How is TB transmitted?
Airborne droplets from people with active TB.
What are symptoms of active TB?
Symptoms, abnormal chest X-ray, +AFB in sputum, contagious.
What is the treatment for TB?
Multi-agent antibiotic therapy.
What is the role of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine in TB?
It is used to prevent TB but is not used in the US.
What is candidiasis and which organism causes it?
The most common oral fungal infection caused by Candida albicans.
What increases the risk of candidiasis?
Antibiotics, cancer therapy, steroids, diabetes, HIV, etc.
What is the presentation of Pseudomembranous Candidiasis?
White curd-like plaques that rub off, leaving an erythematous base.
What is the treatment for Candidiasis?
Antifungal therapy.
What is the cause of Mucormycosis?
A common inhabitant of soil, affecting diabetic and severely debilitated patients.
What is osteomyelitis?
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow.
What acute and chronic osteomyelitis?
Acute: results from peripical granuloma extenstion
Chronic: Pain, swelling, radiolucency.
What is the treatment for osteomyelitis?
Antimicrobial therapy and surgery.
What is the difference between high-risk and low-risk HPV types?
High-risk HPV types are associated with cancer
low-risk types are not
How is HPV transmitted?
Direct contact (skin-to-skin or mucosal contact).
What type of HPV causes Squamous Papilloma?
Low-risk HPV types 6 & 11.
Where does Verruca Vulgaris (skin wart) typically develop?
On the skin, though it may rarely develop in the oral mucosa.
Which HPV type causes Verruca Vulgaris?
Low-risk HPV type 2.
How is Verruca Vulgaris transmitted?
Contagious, can spread via autoinoculation.
Where does Condyloma Acuminatum (genital wart) develop?
In the genital area.
What HPV types are typically associated with Condyloma Acuminatum?
Low-risk HPV types 6 & 11.
What high-risk HPV types are often present with Condyloma Acuminatum?
HPV types 16 and 18.
How is Condyloma Acuminatum transmitted?
Through sexual contact.
What does the presence of Condyloma Acuminatum in young children indicate?
It may suggest sexual abuse.
What percentage of oropharyngeal cancers are related to HPV?
70% of oropharyngeal cancers.
Which HPV type is linked to oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma?
High-risk HPV type 16.
What characteristic virus does HPV type 16 have?
It is oncogenic, meaning cancer-causing.
How is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) transmitted?
Direct contact.
What is the purpose of the HPV vaccine?
To prevent infections that may lead to cancer or genital warts.
What is the primary infection caused by HSV-1?
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis.
What is the reactivation of HSV-1 commonly known as?
Herpes labialis (cold sores).
Which HSV type causes primarily genital infections?
HSV-2.
What are the symptoms of Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis?
Painful, erythematous, swollen gingiva, multiple vesicles turning into ulcers, fever, malaise, and cervical lymphadenopathy.
What triggers recurrent herpes infections?
Sunlight, stress, fever, fatigue, menstruation.
Where do recurrent HSV infections typically occur?
On the vermillion border (cold sores) or intraoral (keratinized gingiva).
What is the difference between Aphthous Ulcers and Herpes Ulcers?
Aphthous ulcers occur on non-keratinized mucosa, 3-10mm in size, with 1-2 lesions. Herpes ulcers occur on keratinized mucosa, 1-3mm in size, with multiple vesicles.
How long does recurrent herpes heal without scarring?
7-10 days.
What symptoms occur during the prodromal stage of herpes?
Pain, burning, tingling.
What is Herpetic Whitlow?
A painful finger infection caused by HSV.
How is Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) transmitted?
Respiratory aerosols, contact with skin secretions.
What disease does VZV cause in children?
Chickenpox (Varicella).
What is the population most affected by Shingles (Herpes Zoster)?
Adults, particularly immunocompromised individuals.
What diseases are associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)?
Infectious mononucleosis (kissing disease), oral hairy leukoplakia, mucocutaneous ulcers, and certain cancers.
What diseases are caused by Coxsackievirus?
Herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, acute lymphonodular pharyngitis.
How is HIV transmitted?
Sexual contact, parenteral inoculation, vertical transmission.
What fluids are involved in HIV transmission?
Blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids.
What are the stages of HIV infection?
Acute Stage (flu-like symptoms)
Chronic Stage (asymptomatic)
AIDS Stage (opportunistic infections, secondary cancers).
What is the CD4 count indicating AIDS?
CD4 count of <200 cells/mm³.
What is ART in HIV treatment?
Antiretroviral Therapy, a daily combination therapy to reduce viral load and prevent progression to AIDS.
What are the oral manifestations of HIV?
Oral candidiasis
oral hairy leukoplakia
Kaposi sarcoma
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
linear gingival erythema
necrotizing gingivitis & periodontitis
oral hyperpigmentation
salivary gland disease.
What is Oral Hairy Leukoplakia caused by?
Epstein-Barr virus, presenting as white lesions on the lateral borders of the tongue.
What is Kaposi Sarcoma in HIV patients?
A vascular neoplasm often appearing in the oral cavity, caused by Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).
What is Necrotizing Gingivitis in HIV patients?
Ulceration and necrosis of the interdental papilla, causing pain and bleeding.
What is Necrotizing Periodontitis in HIV patients?
Ulceration and necrosis of the interdental papilla with bone loss.
What is Oral Hyperpigmentation in HIV patients?
Increased melanin pigmentation in the oral mucosa.
What is the significance of Molluscum Contagiosum in HIV patients?
It causes waxy, dome-shaped nodules on the face and oral cavity.
