Diseases of the bone Flashcards by jackie calderon

What causes apical periodontitis?

Infection (abscess or granuloma) near root apex due to caries or trauma.

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What is the vitality status of a tooth with apical periodontitis?

Non-vital.

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What are the radiographic signs of apical periodontitis?

Loss of lamina dura and widening of periodontal ligament space.

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What is another name for condensing osteitis?

Periapical sclerosing osteitis.

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What occurs in the bone in condensing osteitis?

Sclerosis (dense bone deposition) surrounding the apex.

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What is the vitality status of the tooth in condensing osteitis?

Non-vital.

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What are the radiographic features of condensing osteitis?

Dense bone deposition and widened periodontal ligament space.

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What is osteomyelitis (OM)?

Inflammation of bone marrow, cortical and cancellous bone.

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What causes acute osteomyelitis?

Extension of a periapical abscess.

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What are symptoms of acute osteomyelitis?

Pain, swelling, lymphadenopathy.

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Where is acute osteomyelitis more common?

Mandible.

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What causes chronic osteomyelitis?

Sequela of inadequately treated acute osteomyelitis or arises de novo.

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Where is chronic osteomyelitis most common?

Posterior mandible.

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What are the radiographic features of chronic osteomyelitis?

Ill-defined, non-corticated, radiolucent or mixed internal structure.

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What causes radiation-related osteonecrosis of the jaws?

Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer.

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What is the definition of an odontogenic cyst?

Pathological cavity in bone lined by epithelium (odontogenic or non-odontogenic).

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What medications are linked to MRONJ?

Bisphosphonates and denosumab.

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What is the radiographic appearance of radiation-related osteonecrosis?

Similar to osteomyelitis.

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What is MRONJ?

Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws.

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What conditions are treated with drugs that can cause MRONJ?

Osteoporosis, cancer, and metabolic bone diseases.

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What are the two main types of odontogenic cysts?

Inflammatory cysts and developmental cysts.

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Name three inflammatory cysts.

Periapical cyst, residual cyst, buccal bifurcation cyst.

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Name five developmental cysts.

Dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), lateral periodontal cyst, calcifying odontogenic cyst, glandular odontogenic cyst.

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What type of cyst is a radicular cyst?

Inflammatory odontogenic cyst.

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What is a radicular cyst associated with?

A non-vital tooth.

What is the most common odontogenic cyst?

Radicular (periapical) cyst.

What does a radicular cyst originate from?

Epithelial cell rests of Malassez.

What are the radiographic features of a radicular cyst?

Periapical location, well-defined, corticated, elliptical/ovoid shape, radiolucent, root resorption, displacement of inferior alveolar canal or maxillary sinus.

What is the second most common odontogenic cyst?

Dentigerous cyst.

Where does a dentigerous cyst occur?

Pericoronal area around an unerupted tooth.

What are the radiographic features of a dentigerous cyst?

Well-defined, corticated, elliptical/ovoid, radiolucent, displacement of surrounding structures.

What are the three classifications of odontogenic tumors?

Epithelial, ectomesenchyme, and mixed.

Name three epithelial odontogenic tumors.

Ameloblastoma, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor.

Name two ectomesenchymal odontogenic tumors.

Odontogenic myxoma, odontogenic fibroma.

Name two mixed odontogenic tumors.

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, odontoma.

Where is ameloblastoma most commonly found?

Posterior mandible.

What are the radiographic features of ameloblastoma?

Well-defined, corticated, multilocular radiolucency, root resorption, cortical perforation.

Where is odontogenic myxoma most commonly found?

Premolar-molar area.

Is there a gender predilection for odontogenic myxoma?

Slight female predilection.

What are the radiographic features of odontogenic myxoma?

Well-defined, corticated, radiolucent or mixed, straight septations, expansion, displacement of teeth, cortical disruption.

What type of tissue is produced in an odontoma?

Enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.

Where is a compound odontoma most commonly found?

Anterior maxilla.

Where is a complex odontoma most commonly found?

Posterior mandible.

What are the types of benign fibro-osseous lesions?

Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia (PCOD), focal cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD), florid cemento-osseous dysplasia (Florid COD), fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma.

Who is most commonly affected by Periapical Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia?

Middle-aged African-American and Asian females.

What are the radiographic stages of Periapical Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia?

Radiolucent → mixed → radiopaque.

What is the vitality status of teeth affected by Periapical Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia?

Vital teeth.

What causes fibrous dysplasia?

Genetic mutation of GNAS1.

What happens to bone in fibrous dysplasia?

Developmental bone is replaced with fibrous tissue.

What are the radiographic features of fibrous dysplasia?

Ground glass appearance, blending borders, expansion, and malocclusion.

What causes osteoporosis and osteopenia?

Imbalance in bone deposition and resorption.

Who is most at risk for osteoporosis?

Postmenopausal women.

What is the radiographic sign of osteoporosis/osteopenia?

Markedly thin cortex.

Who is most commonly affected by Paget’s disease?

Men over 50 years old.

What is Paget’s disease?

Abnormal bone metabolism.

What are clinical features of Paget’s disease?

Jaw enlargement, spacing of teeth, elevated alkaline phosphatase.

What are radiographic features of Paget’s disease?

Patchy radiolucent/radiopaque (cotton wool appearance), hypercementosis, loss of lamina dura, enlarged periodontal ligament space.

What does a Stafne bone cyst contain?

Salivary gland or fatty tissue.

What are the radiographic features of a Stafne bone cyst?

Radiolucency without expansion.

Where is an antral pseudocyst found?

Maxillary sinus.

How is an antral pseudocyst usually discovered?

Incidental finding.

What is the appearance of a traumatic bone cyst?

Well-defined, corticated, scalloped radiolucency.

What causes an aneurysmal bone cyst?

Reactive vascular response.

What is the radiographic appearance of an aneurysmal bone cyst?

Unilocular or multilocular radiolucency.

Is there a gender predilection in aneurysmal bone cysts?

Slight female predilection.

What is a unique feature of aneurysmal bone cysts on imaging?

Ballooning expansion of the cortex.

What are sialoliths?

Salivary stones.

Where are sialoliths most commonly found?

Submandibular gland.

What are tonsilloliths?

Tonsillar calcifications.

What is an antrolith?

A calcified stone in the maxillary sinus.

What is stylohyoid ligament calcification?

Calcification of the stylohyoid ligament.

What is carotid artery calcification?

Calcification of the carotid artery, often seen incidentally on radiographs.