Introduction Flashcards
What is anatomy
Anatomy is the study of living things
How can anatomy be studied
Inspection (simply looking, palpation, auscultation and percussion)
Dissection (dissecting cadavers and comparing their anatomy)
Exploratory surgery
Imaging (X-ray, Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and PET)
What are the two types of anatomy
Gross anatomy - studies what can be seen with the naked aye by inspection dissection and Radiology)
Histology - Microscopic anatomy, studied with a microscope.
What is physiology
Physiology is the study of the function of living things.
How is physiology Studied
From scientific experimentation by comparing the physiology of humans.
It is done at different scales from cell to the whole organism.
What are the different levels of structure
Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
What are Humans classified as
Kingdom - Animals Phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Class - Mammalia Order - Primates Family - Hominedae Genus - HOmo Species - Sapiens
What are our Chordata Characteristics
Pharyngal arches - bulges that form in the pharyngal are. In fish and amphibians, pushed open between them to form slit gills, but not in humans.
A tail that extends beyond the anus - The bones of the coccyx are remain after birth as a a remnant of this.
A notochord - a dorsal flexible rod.
(these three are only in the fetal stage)
A dorsal hollow nervous cord - a column of nervous tissue that extends through the upper dorsal side of the body. It has a central canal filled with fluid. It persists throughout life as the brain and spinal cord.
What are our Vertebrate characteristics
A well developed brain and sense organs
An internal skeleton
A jointed vertebral column
and a protective, typically bony, enclosure for the brain (cranium)
What are our mammalian characteristics
Mammary glands - for nourishing the young.
Hair - which serve sin most mammals to preserve body heat.
Endothermy - the ability to generate most of the body heat through metabolic means.
Heterodonty - the possession of varied teeth ( incisors, canines, pre-molars and molars), These varied teeth specialise to puncture, cut and grind food to break it down into small pieces. These makes chemical digestion faster, which is necessary to support a high metabolic rate, esencial to maintain endothermic animals.
Three middle-ear-bones - stirrup, anvil and hammer
A single, lower jaw bone - the mandible
What are our primate characteristics
Only two mammary glands A pair of functional clavicles Four upper and lower incisors Opposable thumbs Forward facing eyes with stereoscopic vision Nails instead of claws
What are our hominid characteristics
Large brains
Which are the other Great Apes
Orangutangs
Gorillas
Chimpanzees (+bonobos)
What are our human characteristics
Largest brains
Bipedalism
Language - spoken and written
Abstract thinking - the ability to ask the why questions
Variations
There are variation to both Anatomy and Physiology.
They can be normal or pathological variations.
Reference human
The reference human is a healthy 22-year-old male living in a mean ambient temperature of 20 degrees celcius, weighing 70kg, engaging in light physical activity and consuming 2… calories a day.
The reference female is the same but for an average weight of 50 kg and intake of 2000 kcal a day.
What is homoestasis
It is the boy’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms to reverse it and thereby maintaining relatively stable internal conditions.
What is dynamic equilibrium
it means that physiological values fluctuate very closely to an average value.
What do all homoestatic system include
receptors - evaluate conditions and therefore detect change
Integrating system - processes signals, compares values to a reference one; and trigger effectors
Effectors - carries out the corrective action
Negative feedback
a process where change is detected and mechanisms are activated to reverse or negate it.
Positive feedback
a process where physiological change is detected and mechanisms are activated to increment this change in the same direction. for example childbirth, to accelerate the process since it is dangerous for both the mother and the infant.
The Anatomical position
Erect body with feet flat on the floor and arms by the side. Face eyes and palms facing forward.
Which are the main regions of the Body
The axial region (head cervical region and the truck (thoracic region and abdominal region))
Appendicular regions ( upper limbs; brachial, antebrachial carpal, manual regions and digits; lower limbs: femoral, crural, tarsal pedal regions and digits).
What are the quadrants of the abdomen
Right upper
left upper
right lower
left lower
What are the nine regions of the abdomen
left and right hypochondriac left and right lumbar region left and right ingual region epigastric umbilical hypogastric
Cavity and lining of the brain
cranial
meninges
Cavity and lining of the Spinal cord
Vertebral canal
meninges
Cavity and lining of lungs
pleural cavities
pleura
Cavity and lining of the heart
Pericardial cavity
pericardium
Cavity and lining of Digestive organs, spleen and kidneys
Abdominal cavity
Peritoneum
Cavity and lining of the bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
Pelvic cavity
Peritoneum
What does caudal mean
Towards the tail or inferior end
Serous membranes
secret lubricant fluid and separate and protect viscera.
