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Anatomy > Anatomy - Endocrine system > Flashcards

Anatomy - Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What forms of intercellular communication is there

A

Gap junctions
Neurotransmitters
Paracrines
Hormones

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2
Q

Gap junctions

A

physically joined cells, enabling cytoplasms of different cells to connect. (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, epithelial, and other cells).

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3
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers released by nerve cells or neurons, they diffuse across a narrow synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors on the surface of the next cell causing some change.

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4
Q

Paracrines

A

Chemicals (local hormones) secreted by one cell and diffuse into neighbouring cells, usually in the same tissue and stimulate their physiology.

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5
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers made by endocrine glands transported by the bloodstream and stimulate their target cells at a considerable distance.

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6
Q

What is endocrinology

A

It is the study of the endocrine system

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7
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

inter-cellular communication system that consist of glands, tissue and cells that secrete hormones.

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8
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system

A

It enables homoeostasis and structural changes in the body (increase height and development of sexual organs)

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9
Q

Endocrine and exocrine

A

Endocrine glands produce hormones that are directly secreted into the bloodstream, exocrine glands produce substances that are secreted via ducts.

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10
Q

What are the differences between the nervous and endocrine system

A

The nervous system communicates by means of electrical impulses and neurotransmitters while the endocrine system communicates by means of hormones.

The nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses at specific target cells while the endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution throughout body.

The nervous system usually has relatively local, specific effects while the endocrine system sometimes has very general, widespread effects.

The nervous system reacts quickly to stimuli, usually within 1-10 msec while reacts mores slowly to stimuli, often taking seconds to days.

The nervous system stops quickly when stimulus stops while the endocrine system may continue responding long after stimulus stops.

The nervous system adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation while the endocrine system adapts relatively slowly; may respond for days to weeks

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11
Q

Interactions of the endocrine and nervous system

A

They often interact each other

and…

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12
Q

ACTH name

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)

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13
Q

ACTH source

A

pituitary

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14
Q

ADH name

A

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

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15
Q

ADH source

A

Posterior pituitary

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16
Q

ANP name

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

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17
Q

ANP source

A

Heart

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18
Q

CRH name

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

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19
Q

CRH source

A

Hypothalamus

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20
Q

DHEA name

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone

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21
Q

DHEA source

A

Adrenal cortex

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22
Q

EPO name

A

Erythropoietin

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23
Q

EPO source

A

Kidney, liver

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24
Q

FSH name

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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25
Q

FSH source

A

Anterior pituitary

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26
Q

GH name

A

Growth hormone (somatotropin)

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27
Q

GH source

A

Anterior pituitary

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28
Q

GHRH name

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

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29
Q

GHRH source

A

Hypothalamus

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30
Q

GnRH name

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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31
Q

GnRH source

A

Hypothalamus

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32
Q

IGFs name

A

Insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins)

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33
Q

IGFs source

A

Liver, other tissues

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34
Q

LH name

A

Luteinizing hormone

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35
Q

LH source

A

Anterior pituitary

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36
Q

NE name

A

Norepinephrine

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37
Q

NE source

A

Adrenal medulla

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38
Q

OT name

A

Oxytocin

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39
Q

OT source

A

Posterior pituitary

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40
Q

PIH name

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (dopamine)

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41
Q

PIH source

A

Hypothalamus

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42
Q

PRL name

A

Prolactin

43
Q

PRL source

A

Anterior pituitary

44
Q

PTH name

A

Parathyroid hormone (parathormore)

45
Q

PTH source

A

Parathyroids

46
Q

T3 name

A

Triiodothyronine

47
Q

T3 source

A

Thyroid

48
Q

T4 name

A

Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine)

49
Q

T4 source

A

Thyroid

50
Q

TH name

A

Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

51
Q

TH source

A

Thyroid

52
Q

TRH name

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

53
Q

TRH source

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

TSH name

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)

55
Q

TSH source

A

Anterior pituitary

56
Q

Hypothalamus

A

forms the floors and walls of the 3rd ventricle. Regulates primitive functions, water balance, sex drive and childbirth. Works closely with the pituitary.

57
Q

Pituitary gland

A

is suspended from the floor of the third ventricle by the infundibulum and sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

58
Q

Anterior part of the pituitary

A

called the adenohypophysis contains the anterior love and the Pars tuberalis

59
Q

Posterior part of the pituitary

A

called the neurohypophysis composed of modified nervous tissue and it includes the median eminence, stalk (infundibulum) and posterior lobe.

Some of the hypothalamic neurons have long axons that go into the posterior pituitary forming the hypothalamic tract.

60
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

of the hypothalamus are neurons concentrated on the walls of the third ventricle, these produce the hormone oxytocin.

61
Q

Supraoptic nucleus

A

are another collection of hypothalamic neurons found just superior to the optic chiasm, these make the hormone ADH-antidiuretic hormone.

62
Q

What is the optic chiasm

A

crossing of the left and right optic nerve

63
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

a system of primary and secondary capillaries that transport hormones via the portal venues from the primary capillary bed to the secondary capillary bed.

64
Q

About the hypothalamic hormones…

A

hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurons and then absorbed into primary capillary system formed by the superior hypophyseal artery.

65
Q

Examples of hypothalamic hormones

A 
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Somatostatin
66
Q

What does TRH do

A

Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSU) and prolactin (PRL)

67
Q

What does CRH do

A

Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

68
Q

What does GnRH do

A

Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

69
Q

What does GHRH do

A

Promotes secretion of growth hormone (GH)

70
Q

What does Prolacting-inhibiting hormone (PIH) do

A

Inhibits secretion of prolactin (PRL)

71
Q

What does somatostatin do

A

Inhibits secretion of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

72
Q

About anterior lobe hormones…

A

its secretion is stimulated by hypothalamic hormones transported by the hypophyseal portal

73
Q

Examples of anterior pituitary hormone

A 
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (TSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
74
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)

Both produced in the hypothalamus

75
Q

Where is (FSH) targeted

A

Ovaries, testes

76
Q

Where is (LH) targeted

A

Ovaries, testes

77
Q

Where is (TSH) targeted

A

Thyroid gland

78
Q

Where is (ACTH) targeted

A

Adrenal cortex

79
Q

Where is (PRL) targeted

A

Mammary glands, testes

80
Q

Where is (GH) targeted

A

Liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat

81
Q

What does (FSH) do

A

Female: growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen

Male: sperm production

82
Q

What does (LH) do

A

Female: ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum

Male: testosteron secretion

83
Q

What does (TSH) do

A

Growth of thyroid, secretion of thyroid hormone

84
Q

What does (ACTH) do

A

Growth of adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoids

85
Q

What does (PRL) do

A

Female: milk synthesis

Male: increased LH sensitivity and testosterone secretion

86
Q

What does (GH)

A

Widespread tissue growth, especially in the stated tissues

87
Q

About (ADH)…

A

It is targeted at the kidneys and is responsible for water retention

88
Q

About (OT)…

A

It is targeted at the uterus and mammary glands and is in charged of labor contractions, milk release; possibly involved in ejaculation, sperm transport, sexual affection, and mother-infant bonding.

89
Q

How does the pituitary secretion works

A

By negative feed back loop.

The hypothalamus releases TRH via the hypophyseal portal system, which impinge on the anterior pituitary and cause it to make TSH.

This is transported by the bloodstream to its targeted organ, the thyroid, which causes it to release the thyroid hormone.

Thyroid hormone has an inhibitory effect back in the anterior pituitary in terms of TRH.

Therefore this is regulated by negative feedback.

90
Q

About pineal gland…

A

It is found in the brain. Mainly active up to puberty, then shrinks.
It regulates 24-hr circladian rhythms of physiology.
It secretes melatonin, thich varies with length of the day. Involved in pre-menstrual tension and seasonal affective disorder.
The gland also has a role on the onset of puberty.

91
Q

About the thymus…

A

It is large in children, then shrinks. It secretes hormones that influence the development of T-lymphocytes and development of other lymphatic tissues and organs.

92
Q

About the thyroid…

A

It is the largest endocrine gland in adults and has very high blood flow per gram. It produces mainly T4 hormones.

Thyroid hormone increases basal metabolic rate, respiratory rate, heart rate, strength of heart beat, promotes appetite and breaks down fuel molecules.

It also produces calcitonin for regulation of blood calcium.

93
Q

About the Parathyroid…

A

Produces parathyroid hormone for regulation of blood calcium levels.

94
Q

About the adrenal glands…

A

It is found on the superior pole of the kidneys.

Medulla - inner part (20%) Modified neurons called neuroendocrine cells/chromaffin cells which release the neurotransmitters adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine into the bloodstream. This hormones are responsible for the fight-fright-flight response.

Cortex - outer part (80%) Makes steroids (based of cholesterol) hormones called corticosteroids of corticoids.

95
Q

What do corticosteroids or corticoids divide into

A

MIneralocorticoids - e.g. adosterone to control the blood pressure.

Glucocorticoids - e.g. cortisol to cause the breakdown of fats and proteins to cause the manufactoring of glucose and to release fatty acids and glucose into the blood.

Sex steroids - e.g. androgens which are converted into testosterone and oestradiol.

96
Q

What is the manufactoring of glucose called

A

gluconeogenesis

97
Q

About pancreas…

A

It has both endocrine and exocrine functions. For it’s endocrine function there are two types of cells:

Alpha cells - secrete glucagon, which stimulates gluconeogenesis, releases glucose into the blood, fat catabolism, and releases fatty acids.

Beta cells - secrete insuline, which increase the cellular uptake of glucose and causes particular organs to synthesis glycogen.

98
Q

About gonads…

A

Ovaries - make oestradiol and progesterone, responsible for the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy.

Testes - make testosterone.

Important for secondary sexual characteristics, and growth.

99
Q

What are the most common types of hormones

A

Steroids
Peptites
Monoamines

100
Q

Examples of Steroid hormones

A

(derived from cholesterol)

oestrogens, progesterone and testosterone

101
Q

Examples of peptites hormones

A

(short amino acid chains)

Insuline

102
Q

Examples of monoamines hormone

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline and melatonin

103
Q

Hormone receptors

A

Hormone act by binding to receptors which may be on the cell surface or intracellular receptors.

Chemical changes occur that bring about action.

Cells can control sensitivity to hormones by controlling the density of receptors. In up-regulation the cell produces more receptors and in down-regulation where the cell reduces its density.

Anatomy (10 decks)

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