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Anatomy > Anatomy - Urinary system > Flashcards

Anatomy - Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is urology

A

it is the specialty that focuses on the urinary system and its disorders and it also includes the make reproductive system.

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2
Q

What does the urinary system consist of

A

two kidneys
two ureters
the bladder
the urethra

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3
Q

how do the urinary and reproductive system relate

A

they are closely linked. In human males, sperm and seminal fluids are emitted through the urethra, therefore, sometimes the are put together as the urogenital system

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4
Q

What is the location of the urinary system

A

In the abdominopelvic cavity, the kidneys are high in the posterior abdominal wall and the left is slightly higher than the right.

The bladder is found in the lower pelvic cavity and the outlet is the urethra.

The ureters come out the hilums and pass inferiorly to enter posteriorly into the bladder.

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5
Q

What vessels supply the kidneys

A

renal artery and vein

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6
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys

A 
Excretion of wastes
Regulation of blood volume and pressure
Regulation of osmolarity of body fluids
Secretion of renin enzyme
Secretion of erythropoietic hormone
Regulation of concentration 
 of pCO2 and acid-base (pH) of blood and body fluids
Synthesis of calcitriol hormone
Gluconeogenesis
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7
Q

Function of kidneys : Excretion of wastes

A

they filter the blood plasma and separate waste to make a proto urine while reabsorbing useful substances back to the bloodstream.

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8
Q

Function of kidneys :

Regulation of blood volume and pressure

A

because they control water conservation and elimination

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9
Q

Function of kidneys : Regulation of osmolarity of body fluids

A

because they control the reabsorption of non-diffusible solutes. (e.g. sodium and chloride ions)

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10
Q

Function of kidneys : Secretion of renin enzyme f

A

for the long term regulation of blood pressure and electrolytes

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11
Q

Function of kidneys : SEcretion of erythropoietin hormone

A

which stimulates the production of red blood cells

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12
Q

Function of kidneys : Regulation of pCO2 and acid-base balance (pH) of blood and body fluids

A

because they can secrete and reabsorb bicarbonate ions

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13
Q

Function of kidneys : Synthesis of calcitriol hormone

A

involved in calcium homeostasis (regulation of calcium)

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14
Q

Function of kidneys : Gluconeogenesis

A

make glucose from other types of molecules in conditions of extreme starvation

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15
Q

What is defined by waste

A

any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of need

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16
Q

What is metabolic waste

A

wastes produced by the body during chemical reactions in cells (feaces in not metabolic waste)

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17
Q

What are nitrogenous waste

A

metabolic waste that nitrogen, they are among the most toxic metabolic wastes

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18
Q

What’s an example of nitrogenous waste

A

urea, 50% of which is produced by catabolism

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19
Q

What is produced in protein catabolism

A

Ammonia

Urea

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20
Q

What is produced in nucleic acid catabolism

A

Uric acid

Creatinine

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21
Q

What is excretion

A

The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them.

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22
Q

What for systems carry out excretion

A

Respiratory system
Integumentary system (skin)
Digestive system
Urinary system

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23
Q

What does the respiratory system get rid of

A

CO2 and some water

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24
Q

What does the integumentary system get rid of

A

via sweat it gets rid of water, inorganic salts, lactic acid and urea

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25
Q

What does the digestive system get rid of

A

(gets rid of food residue, feaces, which isn’t excretion)

eliminates water, salts, CO2, lipids bile pigments, cholesterol and other metabolic wastes.

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26
Q

What does the urinary system get rid of

A

broad variety of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions and water.

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27
Q

Where are the kidneys positioned

A

The kidneys sit behind the peritoneal cavity (so its retroperitoneal) therefore, the peritoneal lining, the peritoneal lining, the peritoneum is anterior to both kidneys.

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28
Q

What are the layers of the kidney

A 
renal fascia
perirenal fat capsule
fibrous capsule
renal cortex
renal medulla
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29
Q

What is the renal fascia

A

outermost layer, layer of connective tissue

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30
Q

What is the perineal fat capsule

A

a fat layer

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31
Q

What is the fibrous capsule

A

fibrous lining

32
Q

What is the renal medulla

A

made of alternating structures, the renal pyramids, and renal columns (the renal columns are investing tissue from the cortex)

33
Q

What percentage weight to kidneys represent in the body

A

0.4%

34
Q

What percentage of cardiac output do kidneys get

A

21%

35
Q

blood path from heart to glomerulus

A 
Aorta
Renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
36
Q

blood path from glomerulus to heart

corticoid nephrons

A 
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
Interlobular vein
Arcuate vein
Interlobar vein
Renal vein
Inferior vena cava
37
Q

blood path from glomerulus to heart

juxtamedullary nephrons

A 
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Vasa recta
Arcuate vein
Interlobar vein
Renal vein
Inferior vena cava
38
Q

What is a nephron

A

The functional unit of kidneys

39
Q

How many nephrons are there

A

1.2 million per kidney

40
Q

What two parts are kidneys composed of

A

renal corpuscle - filters blood plasma

renal tubule - converts the filtrate into urine

41
Q

Where are nephrons located

A

largely in the cortex - cortical nephron

between the cortex and the medulla - juxtamedullary nephron

42
Q

What does the loop of henle do

A

the are involved in water conservation

43
Q

What is the most common type of nephron in humabs

A

cortical nephron

44
Q

How does the nephron get its blood supply

A

the nephron gets its blood supply from the afferent arteriole, which goes into the nephron and form a ball of capillaries known as the glomerulus.

45
Q

How are the nephrons drained

A

the capillaries in the glomerulus re-form into an efferent arteriole that will form a secondary capillary network surrounding the renal tubule.

46
Q

Where does the secondary capillary network form for cortical nephrons

A

around the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and it’s called peritubular capillaries

47
Q

Where does the secondary capillary network form for juxtacapillary nephrons

A

surrounding the loop, its known as the vasa recta

48
Q

What composes the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus and the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

49
Q

What does the renal capsule do

A

it is the filtration unit of the kidneys, so it filtrates the blood coming from the afferent arteriole and becomes the glomerulus.

50
Q

What phenomena helps filtrate the blood at bowman’s capsule

A

hydrostatic pressure

51
Q

What cells make up the leaky the inner or visceral layer of the bowmans capsule

A

podocytes

52
Q

Where does the filtrate goes rigth after the visceral layer

A

the capsular space and into the first part of the renal tubule, the proximal convoluted tubule.

53
Q

How long is the renal tubule

A

3cm

54
Q

What are the four parts of the renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Loop of henle (descendant and ascendant part)
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Collecting duct (CD)

55
Q

What is at the end of the collecting ducts

A

The renal pyramids, that open at the apex into the renal papilla. Then the the urine drips into the minor calyx, then major calyx, it goes into the renal pelvis and into the ureter.

56
Q

Renal drainage: glomerular filtration

A

Creates a plasmalike filtrate of the blood

57
Q

Renal drainage: tubular reabsorption and secretion

A

Removes useful solutes from the filtrate, returns them to the blood.

Removes additional wastes from the blood and adds them to the filtrate.

58
Q

What vessels surround the renal tubule

A

Peritubular capillaries

59
Q

Renal drainage: water conservation

A

removes water from the urine and returns in to blood; concentrates wastes.

60
Q

What is the globular filtration rate (GFR)

A

the amount of filtrate produced per minute by the two kidneys

61
Q

What is the GFR in a male

A

125 ml/min - 180 L/day

62
Q

What is the GFR in females

A

105 ml/min - 150 L/day

63
Q

What percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed

A

99%

64
Q

What hormone do the kidneys use to control blood pressure

A

renin aldosterone

65
Q

Why does the PCT consumes so much ATP

A

because it filtrates the glomerular filtrate by active transport (6% of ATP usage)

66
Q

What percentage of the glomerular filtrate does the PCT absorbe

A

65%

67
Q

What does the PCT absorbe

A

65% of sodium, potassium, magnesium and phosphate
100% glucose
40%-60% of urea
67% of water

68
Q

What does the PCT and the loop secrete

A

nitrogenous wastes, bile acids, catecholamines, prostaglandins, drugs (morphin, aspirin, penicillin), hydrogen and bicarbonate ions to regulate pH.

69
Q

What does the loop reabsorb

A

25% of sodium, potassium and chloride

15% of water

70
Q

What does the fluid arriving at the PCT contain

A

20% of water and 7% of the salts from the glomerular filtrate.

71
Q

Water conservation

A

WAter is reabsorbed by the osmosis from the collecting ducts thanks to the concentration gradients generated by the nephron loops in the renal medulla. Longer loops can generate grater concentration gradients (the have greater ability to concentrate urine).

72
Q

How long are the ureters

A

25 cm

73
Q

How do the ureters connect the kidneys and the bladder

A

they form at the renal pelvis and connect to the urinary bladder; they are 1.7 cm in diameter at the entry and have a valve to prevent the reflux of urine.

74
Q

What is the bladder

A

a muscular sac of a muscular layer called detrusor muscle and has a capacity of 700-800 ml

75
Q

How long is the urethra

A

3-4 cm in females

18 cm in males

76
Q

What is another name for urinating

A

micturition

77
Q

How is urination controled

A

partly by a spinal reflex (involuntary)

partly by the CNS (Voluntary)

Anatomy (10 decks)

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