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Anatomy > Anatomy - muscular system > Flashcards

Anatomy - muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

how many muscles are there int he human body

A

about 600

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2
Q

how are muscles classified

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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3
Q

What do muscles do

A

They convert energy ATP into mechanical energy (movement)

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4
Q

What are the four functions of the muscular system

A

Movement

Stability

Control of body opening and passages

Heat production

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5
Q

1st Muscular system function

A

Movement - muscles enable us to move from place to place and to move individual parts of our bodies.

Muscular contractions also serve to move body contents in the course of breathing, blood circulation, feeding and digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth. Also serves roles in communication: speech, writing, facial expressions.

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6
Q

2nd Muscular system function

A

Stability - muscles maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements. Some are called antigravity muscles because they resists the pull of gravity. Many also stabilise the joints by maintaining tension in tendons and bones.

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7
Q

3rd Muscular system function

A

Control of body openings and passages - Muscles encircling mouth serve in food intake and retention while chewing. Muscles in eyelid and pupil regulate the admission of light. Internal muscular rings control the movement of food, vile, blood. Muscles encircling the urethra and anus control the elimination of waste.

(Some of these muscles are called sphincters)

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8
Q

4th Muscular system function

A

Heat production - Skeletal muscles produce 85% of the body heat (vital for the functioning of enzymes and metabolism)

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9
Q

What are the tissue components of muscles

A 
Muscle fibre 
Muscle fascicle 
Endomysium 
Perimysium
Epimysium
Fascia
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10
Q

What is a muscle fibre

A

muscle cell

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11
Q

What is a muscle fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibres

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12
Q

What is the endomysium

A

Connective tissue that surrounds each fibre and carries capillaries/nerves and chemical exchange during excitation.

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13
Q

What is the perimysium

A

Connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle and carries larger blood vessels and nerves and stretch receptors.

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14
Q

Epimysium

A

Fibrous sheath around entire muscle

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15
Q

Fascia

A

connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscle

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16
Q

What are the 7 types of muscle

A 
Fusiform
Parallel
Triangular
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
Circular
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17
Q

Example of fusiform

A

Biceps brachii

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18
Q

Example of parallel

A

Rectus abdominis

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19
Q

Example of Triangular

A

Pectoralis major

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20
Q

Example of Unipennate

A

Palmar interosseous

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21
Q

Example of Bipennate

A

Rectus femoris

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22
Q

Example of Multipennate

A

Deltoid

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23
Q

Example of Circular muscle

A

Orbicularis oculi

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24
Q

How are muscles attached to bone

A

Skeletal muscles are attached to bone through extensions of their connective tissue.

This can be directly or indirectly.

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25
Q

Indirect

A

There is a large gap between muscle and bone bridge: a tendon, aponeurosis or retinaculum.

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26
Q

What is a tendon

A

collagen fibres of a muscle that continue into the periosteum and matrix of the bone

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27
Q

What is an aponeurosis

A

a broad sheet of tendon

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28
Q

What is a retinaculum

A

a band that serves as a guide for tendon, e.g. flexors

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29
Q

Direct

A

There are just short collagen fibres between muscle and bone

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30
Q

Origin of a muscle

A

bony site of attachment at the relatively stationery end of a muscle

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31
Q

Insertion of a muscle

A

bony site of attachment at the more mobile end of a muscle

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32
Q

What is the relation between the origin and the insertion of a muscle

A

They can be reversed depending on how the muscle functions during a particular movement

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33
Q

What is innervation

A

the identity of the nerve that stimulates the muscle

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34
Q

What two kind of nerves interact with muscle

A

Spinal nerves - referred by adjacent vertebra e.g. T2

Cranial nerves - referred to as Roman numerals e.g. ENX

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35
Q

What is the action

A

the mechanical effect of a muslce

36
Q

What are the functional groups of muscles

A

Prime mover
Synergist
Antagonist
Fixator

37
Q

Which is the prime mover

A

The muscle that produces the majority of the force during a movement.

e.g. brachialis during elbow flexion

38
Q

Which is the Synergist

A

The muscle that provides and aid to the prime mover by adding force and stability.

e.g. biceps brachii during elbow flexion

39
Q

Which is the antagonist

A

The muscle that opposes the prime mover, it completely relaxes or maintains some tension to control movement

e.g. triceps brachii for elbow flexion

40
Q

Which is the Fixator

A

The muscle that prevents a bone from moving

e.g. rhomboids during movement of radius

41
Q

What are the components of a lever system

A

Resistance
Fulcrum
Effort

42
Q

Which are the first class lever systems

A

The ones with the fulcrum in the center with resistance and effort on the outside

43
Q

What is an example of first class lever system in the body

A

the anatomical disposition while NODDING

44
Q

Which are the seconds class lever systems

A

The ones with the resistance at the centre

45
Q

What is an example of second class lever system in the body

A

Opening the mouth

46
Q

Which are the third class lever systems

A

The ones with the effort at the centre

47
Q

What is an example of third class lever system in the body

A

Elbow flexion

48
Q

Which is the most common class of lever system in the body

A

effort in the middle - third class

49
Q

What is the mechanical advantage

A

The ratio between the length of the effort arm and the resistance arm.

50
Q

What are the particularities of a less than one MA

A

Low power and high precision

movement

51
Q

What are the particularities of a higher than one MA

A

High power and low precision

Force

52
Q

Why is skeletal muscle striated

A

because of the arrangement of the contractile proteins

53
Q

What size are myofibres

A

100 - 500 nu meters thik and 3 - 30 cm long

54
Q

Why are myofibres poly nucleated

A

Because they are made by the fusion of multiple myoblasts, they are derived from myoblast.

55
Q

What organelle is very common in myofibres and why

A

The mitochondria, because muscle contraction uses ATP

56
Q

What is the Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

The muscle’s variation of an endoplasmic reticulum

57
Q

What is a Sarcolema

A

The plasma membrane of the myofibre

58
Q

What is the Sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of the muscle cell

59
Q

What are Myofilaments

A

Fibrous proteins that make up the contractile element of the muscle fibre

60
Q

What are the three categories of myofilaments

A

Thick filaments
Thin filaments
Elastic filaments

61
Q

Thick filaments

A

they are 15nm in diameter and are made up of myosin proteins.

(los moraditos con cabeza y cola que se envuelven en helice)

62
Q

Thin filaments

A

they are 7nm in diameter and are made out of Fibrous F actin, tropomyosin and troponin.

When troponin binds with calcium the tropomyosin rotates, revealing the binding sites for myosin.

63
Q

F actin

A

made of globular G actin, each has a binding site for a myosin head

64
Q

tropomyosin

A

placed on top of F actin blocking the myosin binding sites

65
Q

troponin

A

placed at regular intervals on the tropomyosin and capable of binding with calcium

66
Q

Elastic filaments

A

they are 1nm in diameter, they help muscle return to their normal uncontracted shape

Titin protein

67
Q

Which are the contractile proteins

A

myosin and titin

68
Q

What happens to myofilaments when muscle contraction happens

A

The thick filaments slide into the thin filaments

69
Q

Why are linking proteins important

A

The sliding movement of the thin and thick protein needs to be transduced into the sacolema and posteriorily to the connective tissue (endomysium), to the perimysium, to the epimysium, to the fascia and then to however the fascia connects to the target (tendon).

70
Q

Which are the linking proteins

A

dystrophin and linking proteins

71
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A motor unit consists of one nerve and all myofibres innervated by it.

72
Q

If a neuron activates few muscle fibres…

A

we get fine control

e.g. eye muscle

73
Q

If a neuron activates many muscle fibres…

A

we get gross control

e.g. muscles in thigh

74
Q

What is another name of a motor and plate

A

synapse

75
Q

What is a motor and plate

A

the interface between the neuron and it’s target cell, it includes part belonging to the neuron and part belonging to the cell.

76
Q

What is the name for the synapse of the muscle cells

A

Neuromuscular junction

77
Q

What happens at the neuromuscular synapse

A

When an electrical signal reaches the synaptic knob, it causes the opening of calcium channels in the membrane of the synaptic knob, which triggers the exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles.

This synaptic vesicles contain the neurotransmitter acetylecholine and the fusion of the vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane will lead to the acetylecholine entering to the space between the synaptic knob and postsynaptic membrane, the synaptic cleft.

The neurotransmitter will impinge on receptors present in the postsynaptic membrane, this membrane has many folds to increase the surface area and allow the muscle fibre to be highly responsive to the acetylecholine.

78
Q

Which is the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction

A

acetylecholine

79
Q

What kind of receptor is the Acetyle receptor

A

The acetylecholine receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel. This means that when a ligand binds to it, it will open and allow particular ions to cross the sarcolemma.

80
Q

Which ions are the ones that activate the acetylecholine receptors and how do they work

A

sodium ions, a negative voltage difference between the inside and the outside rises when the sodium ions enter. (transmembrane voltage)

81
Q

What is the increase in the transmembrane voltage called

A

depolarisation

82
Q

What is the action potential

A

a sequence of events that take place when enough depolarisation happens, it is mediated by voltage-gated ion channels of sodium and potassium channel, which cause an electrical event.

83
Q

What happens when a muscle fibre is activated

A

The action potential occurs, the action potential propagates into the muscle fibre via the T-tubules into the sarcolema, which allows a very rapid depolarization or activation of the entire muscle fibre. The action potential traveling along the T-tubules causes calcium ions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to be released to the area surrounding the myoibrils and myofilaments.

84
Q

Mechanical contraction

A

Once calcium is present around the myofilaments, it binds to troponin, causing the tropomyosin to change shape, revealing the binding sites of the F-actin for the myosin heads.

The myosin head is able to bind ATP when this happens it is hydrolysed, releasing ADP, phosphate and energy.

That energy is used to change the shape of the myosin head (this movement is called cocking).

Once it is cocked it binds with the binding site of the F-actin. When it binds, it releases ADP and phosphate and return to its low energy or uncork state. THis causes the sliding of the thin filament relative to the thick filament. This process repeats to coninue the sliding for as long as calcium is present.

85
Q

What is the order of mechanical contracion

A

Binding of new ATP, breaking of cross-bridge
Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, activation and cocking of myosin head.
Formation of myosin-actin cross-brige
Power stroke, sliding of thin filament over thick filament

86
Q

Muscle relaxation

A

Once the electrical signal has stopped, the whole muscle contraction process will stop.

The acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is quickly removed by enzymes degradation which destroy the chemical and degradation products return to the synaptic knob.

With no electrical signal present in the T-tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum will no longer be releasing calcium ions but taking them up instead, to store them again.

This causes calcium to unbind from troponin and make tropomyosin return to its ground shape, covering the binding sites on the F-actin.

The cycle is broken and muscle contraction begins.

Anatomy (10 decks)

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