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Anatomy > Anatomy - skeletal system > Flashcards

Anatomy - skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of the skeletal system

A

Bone, Cartilage and ligaments

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2
Q

Bone matrix

A

hardened matrix (mineralised or calcified) by calcium phosphate and other minerals.

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3
Q

Cartilage

A

forerunner of most bones especially during child to adult development, it covers many bones at joint surfaces

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4
Q

LIgaments

A

they hold different bones together

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5
Q

How can bones be considered

A

individual organs consisting of many tissues like Osseous tissue, blood, bones marrow, cartilage, adipose, nervous tissue, fibrous, tissue.

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6
Q

What are the five functions of the skeleton

A 
Support (hold up body, muscles and other structures)
Protection ( enclose and protaect brain spinal cord, marrow, heart, viscera)
Electrolyte balance ( stores and releases calcium and phosphate ions when required)
Acid-base balance ( buffers blood agains excessive pH changes by releasing alkaline salts)
blood formation ( red bones marrow makes blood, haemopoietic)
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7
Q

What are the four types of bone

A 
long bone (Femur, Ulna)
short bone (Capitate, Talus)
flat bone (Scapula, Sternum)
irregular bone (Sphenoid bone, vertebra)
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8
Q

Features of long bones

A

hard shell of compact bone (periosteum and endosteum)

Medulary / marrow cavity - bone marrow in center and spongy bone at ends

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9
Q

Long bones are divided into …

A

Epiphysis
Diaphysis
and they have an Epiphyseal line
(metaphysis)

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10
Q

Features of Short bones

A

Diploe
Periosteum - on both sides
Endosteum - lining the diploe

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11
Q

What is on osteon

A

cylindrical units of the COMPACT BONE with a central canal for nerves and vessels, and then concentric lamella ( layers) containing osteocytes in lacunae which are connected via canaliculi.

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12
Q

What are the four types of bone cells

A

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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13
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells found in the endosteum, inner periosteum and central canals that give rise to osteoblasts.

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14
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that form bone, they are found in the inner periosteum and in the endosteum, they are non-mitotic, they synthesise the organic bone matrix and they increase in number in response to damage or mechanical stress.

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15
Q

Osteocytes

A

They are trapped in the matrix and have finger like cytoplasmatic projections for communication and sensing of mechanical stress.

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16
Q

Osteoclasts

A

They originate from bone marrow stem cells

They reabsorb done

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17
Q

Composition of the Bone Matrix

A

1/3 Organic - mainly collage and provides flexibility

2/3 Inorganic - 85% hydroxyapatite (Calcium phosphate), 10% calcium carbonate and other salts provides strength

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18
Q

Spongy Bone

A

It is made of Spicules and trabeculae, contains bone marrow and it is low weight and high strenght

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19
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Red is haemopoietic

Yellow isn’t but is rich in adipocytes and stores triglycerides.

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20
Q

How is Calcium regulated

A

Calcium is regulated by:
Cacitriol - causes increase in blood calcium levels
Calcitonin - reduced osteoclast activity and increases osteoblast activity -> causes BLOOD FORMATION (calcium levels drop bc used to make bone)
Parathyroid Hormone - causes increase in osteoclast activity and reduced osteoblast activity -> promotes BONE RESORPTION (so increases blood calcium levels)

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21
Q

What is the concentration level of calcium in blood

A

9.2 - 10.4 mg/dl

22
Q

Hypocalcaemia

A

low blood concentration

23
Q

Hypercalcaemia

A

high blood concentration

24
Q

What is a joint/articulation

A

it is any two points were two bones meet

25
Q

What are the four types of bone joints

A

Bony - synostosis
Fibrous - synarthrosis
Cartilaginous - amphiarthrosis
Synovial - diarthrosis

26
Q

synonym for bony joint

A

synostosis

27
Q

synonym for fibrous joint

A

synarthrosis

28
Q

synonym for cartilaginous joint

A

amphiarthrosis

29
Q

synonym for Synovial joint

A

Diarthrosis

30
Q

synonym for synostosis joint

A

bony

31
Q

Synonym for synarthrosis joint

A

fibrous

32
Q

Synonym for amphiarthrosis joint

A

cartilaginous

33
Q

Synonym for Diarthrosis joint

A

Synovial

34
Q

Which are the Bony joints

A

the ones formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone

e.g. frontal, mandibular and the epiphyses and diaphyses.

35
Q

What is the movement range of Bony joints

A

immovable

36
Q

Which are the Fibrous joints

A

The ones where bones are joined by the collagen fibres that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other

37
Q

What are the three types of Fibrous joints

A

Suture
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses

38
Q

What is the range of movement of the fibrous joints

A

Medium to no movement

39
Q

Which are the Cartilaginous joints

A

The ones where bones are joined by cartilage

40
Q

What are the two types of Cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses (hyaline cartilage)

Symphyses (fibrocartilage) - stronger

41
Q

What is the movement range of Cartilaginous joints

A

little to medium movement

42
Q

Which are the Synovial joints

A

The ones where two facing surfaces are covered with articular cartilage (hyaline), and there is a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

43
Q

What are the six types of Synovial joints

A 
Ball-to-socket
Condylar/ellipsoidal
Saddle
Plane/gliding
Hinge
Pivot
44
Q

What is the movement range of Synovial joints

A

large

45
Q

What are the two first Cervical Vertebrae called

A

Atlas (C1)

Axis (C2)

46
Q

How many Cervical vertebrae are there

A

7

47
Q

Howe many Thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

48
Q

Howe many Lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5

49
Q

How many Sacral vertebrae are there

A

5

50
Q

What’s at the end of the vertebral column

A

The coccyx

Anatomy (10 decks)

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