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psychology memory > introduction > Flashcards

introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the biological approach explain?

A

it explains behavior in terms of physical causes in our brains and bodies (genes)

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2
Q

What is the most likely biological sources for changes in behavior?

A

neurotransmitters such as serotonin which plays a major part in regulating our moods

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3
Q

What does the behaviorist approach explain?

A

that our behavior is influenced by experience (we learn behaviors)

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4
Q

What are the two different types of conditioning?

A

classical and operant

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5
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

that our behavior is effected by our feelings, beliefs, attitudes or expectations

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6
Q

What is a schema?

A

the basic building block of intelligent behavior (a way of organizing knowledge)

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7
Q

What is operational conditioning?

A

Learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior

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8
Q

What is an example of operational conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner- ‘skinners’ box

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9
Q

What are reinforcements in operational conditioning?

A

responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior

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10
Q

What is classic conditioning?

A

learning a new behavior through the process of association

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11
Q

What is a example of classic conditioning?

A

Van Pavlov’s experiment - dogs salivating when hearing a bell

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12
Q

What is a cognition?

A

the process by which knowledge is acquired

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13
Q

How do memories work?

A

encoding => storage => retrieval

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14
Q

What is the definition of independent variable?

A

the variable the experimenter manipulates which is assumed to have a effect on the dependent variable

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15
Q

What is the definition of dependent variable?

A

the variable which the experimenter measures

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16
Q

What is the definition of the extraneous variables?

A

all other variables which are not the independent variable which could effect the dependent variable

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17
Q

What is the definition of Quantitative data?

A

data gathered in numerical form which can be put into categories, ranked or measured

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18
Q

What is the definition of qualitative data?

A

data gathered which is not in the form of numbers

19
Q

What are the advantages of qualitative data?

A

can suggest possible relationships, causes , effects and dynamic prosesses

20
Q

What are the disadvantages of qualitative data?

A

large data sets are expensive and costly to collect , it is less easily replicated making less reliable, only a expert can interpret the answers

21
Q

What are the advantages of quantitative data?

A

statistical analysis is allowed, can construct theories, less open to interpritation

22
Q

What is a lab experiment?

A

A type of experiment which is conducted in a well controlled environment so as to get as accurate results as possible. Here a standardised procedure can be used and participants a randomly allocated to each independent variable group.

23
Q

What are the strengths of Alan experiment?

A

It is easy to replicate, and there I presise control. I the unrepentant ad extanou variables slowing cause. And effect to be established

24
Q

What are the weaknesses of lab experiments?

A

Many produce demand characteristics, low ecological validity

25
Q

What is a example of a lab experiment?

A

Milgram’s experiment of obidience

26
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

Experiments conducted in the everyday environment of the pparticapents, that still allows the experimenter to manipulate the independent variable

27
Q

What are the strengths of field experiments?

A

High ecological validity, less probability of demand characteristics

28
Q

What are the weaknesses of field experiments?

A

Less control over extraneous variables, harder to replicate

29
Q

What is a example of a field experiment?

A

Holfing’s hospital study of obidience

30
Q

What is are natural experiments ?

A

Experiments that are conducted in every day environments of the particapents and the experimenter does not have control over the independent variable as it naturally occurs

31
Q

What are the strengths of natural experiments?

A

High ecological validity, less probability of demand characteristics, can be used in situations that it would be unethical change the independent variables

32
Q

What are the weaknesses of natural experiments?

A

Expensive, time consuming, no control over extraneous variables, hard to replicate

33
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

A experiment which uses naturally occurring independent variables such as age or gender and observe its effect on the dependent variable

34
Q

What are the strengths of quasi experiments?

A

Useful when testing a unethical hypothesis, high ecological validity

35
Q

What is a example of a natural experiment?

A

Hodge and Tizard’s attachment reasearch

36
Q

What are the weaknesses of quasi experiments?

A

Less reliable, hard to repeat, no control over extraneous variables, time consuming, demand characteristics

37
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

Studying the spontaneous behaviour of participants in natural surroundings

38
Q

What are the strengths of natural observations?

A

High ecological validity, generate new hypothesis or explanations

39
Q

What are the limitations of natural observations?

A

Lack of representation of the general population, less reliable due to the lack of control over extraneous variables, psychologists have to be trained to spot behaviour, cause and effect cannot be established

40
Q

What is a controlled observation?

A

A observation of participants in a psychological laboratory, allowing all behaviour to be observed and categorised or measured

41
Q

What are the strengths of controlled observation?

A

Easy to replicate, easy and quick to analyse data, quick and cheap

42
Q

What are the weaknesses of controlled observations?

A

Low ecological validity, demand characteristics

43
Q

What is an example of controlled observation?

A

Sleep labatories

psychology memory (12 decks)

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