Introduction Flashcards
What are the 2 positions the body can lie in?
prone (facing down)
sUPine (facing UP)
What is the anatomical position of the body?
Body facing forward, with limbs fully extended and palms facing forward
Describe these regions of the body.
1) cephalic 2) Caudal 3)cervical 4)thoracic 5)abdominal 6) Lumbar
7) Sacral
1)Head 2)Tail 3)Neck 4)Chest 5) B/w chest and genitals 6)Lower back 7)Over the sacrum
Define these surfaces of limbs
1) Dorsal 2) Ventral
1) back or posterior
2) front or anterior
The Horizontal plane is in line with what? What is it also known as?
In line with the horizon and AKA transverse
Where does the vertical plain lie?
@ a right angle to the horizon
Where does the sagittal plane lie?
from the top-bottom plane separating left from right
Where does the coronal plane lie?
vertical plane that separates the back from the front
Where is the median plane?
In the sagittal plane
where is the median plane
close to the midline
where is the lateral plane
away from midline
Define flexion and extension
Flexion- bending toward the trunk
Extension- bending away from the trunk
Define Abduction/Adduction
AB-move away from midline
AD-move toward midline
Define supination and pronation
Sup- turned upward
Pro- turned downward
Define medial and lateral rotation
Medial- turn inward
Lateral- turn outward
Define ulnar deviation and radial deviation
Ulnar- bent toward ulnar side
Radial- bent toward radial side
Define proximal and distal
Proximal is closer to the origin of the limb
Distal is further from the origin of the limb
Define superficial and deep
Super- close to surface
Distal- further from surface
Define cranial and caudal directionally
Cranial is toward head
Caudal is toward tail
Define plantar and palmer
Plantar is part of foot that one stands on (sole)
Palmer is par of hand that holds shit
Define superior and inferior
Sup- located above
Inf- located below
Cells may be classified into what groups
Epithelial, muscle (smooth, skeletal and cardiac), nervous, bone, blood, connective tissue
What type of cells do not reproduce
Cardiac, skeletal and nervous tissue
What are the four types of epithelia
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar and Transitional
Squamous is also divided into what two types
Simple and Stratified
Simple squamous is found where
Lining lymphatic and blood vessels, pleura and peritoneum
Stratified squamous is found where
skin, esophagus, lower half of the anal canal
cuboidal cells are found where
Bowmans capsule, convoluted tubules of the kidney, thyroid follicles
Columnar epithelia is also divided up into three categories
Simple, stratified and pseudostratified
Simple columnar cells are found where
lining of the gastrointestinal tract
Stratified columnar if found where
uterine tube
Pseudostratified columnar cells are found where
respiratory tract
Transitional epithelia if found where
ureter, urinary bladder and most of the urethra
At the end of two weeks the fetus has how many germinal layers
Two germinal layers (bilaminar)
At the end of three weeks (Day 21) the fetus has how many germinal layers
Three germinal layers (trilaminar)
The endoderm lies where in relation to the three germinal layers
On the inside
The endoderm gives rise to what
Epithelium of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and the bladder (but not the trigone)
In relation to the three germinal layers of a fetus where does the ectoderm lie
on the outside
The ectoderm gives rise to what
- epidermis including hair and nails
- retina and lens
- CNS and PNS, pia and arachnoid mater
- adrenal medulla
In relation to the three germinal layers of the fetus where does the mesoderm lie
in the middle (between the endoderm and ectoderm)
What does the mesoderm give rise to
- Bones and muscles of the trunk and extremities
- cardiovascular system, spleen, kidney, ureter and trigone of bladder
- cartilage and muscles of the respiratory system
- adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, dermis of skin and dura mater of spinal cord
