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NBCE I (General Anatomy) > Endocrine anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The pituitary gland is considered to be what type of gland

A

master endocrine gland

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2
Q

the pituitary gland has two parts (anterior and posterior) and what else

A

two embryological origins

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3
Q

what are the two embryological origins of the pituitary glands

A

Rathke’s pouch (stomodeal ectoderm)

down growth of the hypothalamus (neuroectoderm)

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4
Q

The pituitary gland lies in what? which is found within the sphenoid bone below the optic chiasma

A

sella turcica

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5
Q

the pituitary gland is covered by what

A

a fold of dura called the diaphragm sellae

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6
Q

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is from what

A

Rathke’s pouch

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7
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases what hormones

A 
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth Hormone (GH)
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8
Q

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH and GH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is influenced by what

A

releasing factors from the hypothalamus

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9
Q

PRL is influenced by what

A

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor - which is dopamine

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10
Q

the posterior lobe of the Pituitary stores what hormones

A

Oxytocin, and Anti-Diuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

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11
Q

Doest the posterior lobe of the pituitary produce oxytocin or ADH

A

no only stores them

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12
Q

oxytocin and ADH which are stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is produced by what

A

the paraventricular an supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, respectively

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13
Q

The Pituitary gland is supplied by what arteries

A

the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries from the internal carotid artery

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14
Q

The thyroid gland is a H-shaped endocrine gland which is formed by what

A

two pear-shaped lobes

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15
Q

the two pear-shaped lobes that make up the thyroid gland are held together by what

A

an isthmus

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16
Q

the thyroid gland is derived from what, which is from the foramen cecum in the tongue

A

mesodermal down growth from the foramen cecum in the tongue

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17
Q

how much does the thyroid gland weigh (grams)

A

25

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18
Q

where does the thyroid gland lie

A

anterior cervical triangle (under the over of SCM and the infrahyoid muscle

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19
Q

is the thyroid enclosed or open

A

enclosed

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20
Q

what is the thyroid enclosed in

A

a true fibrous capsule and an outer false capsule

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21
Q

what is the false outer capsule of the thyroid derived from

A

the pre-tracheal layer of deep cervical fascia

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22
Q

The thyroid lobes lie under which muscle? while the isthmus lies over the 2nd to 4th what?

A

SCM and the 2nd to 4th tracheal ring

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23
Q

the thyroid is supplied by what arteries

A

Superior thyroid artery from the External Carotid
Inferior thyroid artery from the thyrocervical trunk
Thyroidea ima which occurs in 3-10%

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24
Q

The venous drainage of the thyroid is via what veins

A

superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

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25
the superior thyroid vein accompanies which artery
superior thyroid artery
26
which vein does the accompanies the inferior thyroid artery
middle thyroid vein
27
what artery does the inferior thyroid vein accompany
nothing it travels alone
28
The superior thyroid artery is accompanies by what nerve
external laryngeal branch of the Superior laryngeal nerve
29
what does the external laryngeal nerve innervate
Cricothyroid muscle
30
the cricothyroid muscle is the only muscle to do what
tense the vocal cords
31
the inferior thyroid artery is closely related to what nerve that supplies the rest of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
recurrent laryngeal nerve
32
the thyroid consists of of what that secretes thyroxin from which T3 is developed
cuboidal cell-lined follicles
33
what cells are found between the follicles of the thyroid
parafollicular cells
34
the parafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete what
calcitonin
35
There are usually how many pairs of parathyroid glands
usually 2 pairs
36
the superior pair of parathyroid glands are derived from what germ layer
the mesoderm in the 4th pharyngeal pouch
37
The inferior pair of parathyroid glands are derived from what
the 3rd pharyngeal pouch
38
the parathyroid gland is supplied by what artery
inferior thyroid artery
39
each gland contains two types of cells which are
chief cells and oxyphils
40
What is secreted by the chief cells of the Parathyroid glands
PTH
41
what does PTH do to calcium in the body
takes it out of bones and moves it into the blood stream
42
What type of gland is the pancreas
both an endocrine and exocrine gland
43
the pancreas is derived from what
dorsal and ventral endodermal buds from the foregut
44
In the pancreas the endocrine secretions are from where
the islets of langerhans
45
What are the cell types found in the islets of langerhans
``` Beta cells (75%) Alpha cells (20%) delta cells (5%) ```
46
what is secreted out of the Beta, Alpha and delta cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas
Beta- insulin alpha- glucagon delta- somatostatin
47
The islets of langerhans are embedded where on the pancreas
embedded between the pancreatic acini
48
the pancreas weighs approximately how much
90 grams
49
Describe the features of the pancreas (head, neck, etc.)
Large head, small uncinate processes, a short neck, a wide body and a long tail
50
where does the pancreas lie
in the bed of the stomach with its head is in the C-shape curve of the duodenum
51
where does the body of the pancreas lie
it drapes across the IVC, Aorta and the left kidney and its tail end lies in the hilum of the spleen
52
the main pancreatic duct joins with what
joins the common bile duct to open into the ampulla of Vater
53
the opening of the main pancreatic duct is guarded by what
a smooth muscle sphincter [of Oddi]
54
The accessory pancreatic duct [of santorini] drains what
the head of the pancreas
55
where does the accessory pancreatic duct open where
~2cm above the main duodenal papilla via the minor duodenal papilla
56
Why is there a difference in the drainage between the head of the pancreas and the rest of the pancreas
the head is derived from the ventral pancreatic bud and the rest of the pancreas comes from the dorsal pancreatic bud
57
The bud and the rest of the pancreas comes from what
the dorsal pancreatic bud
58
What is the blood supply to the pancreas
Superior and Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and great pancreatic artery
59
What are the two separate embryological origins of the adrenal glands
``` outer layer (cortex) from mesoderm inner layer (medulla) from the neuroectoderm (neural crest cells) ```
60
What is the shape and size of the left adrenal gland
it is semiLunar and Larger then the right
61
What is the shape and size of the right adrenal glands
triangular and smaller than the left
62
the cortex of the adrenal glands has how man structural zones
three structural zones
63
what are the three structural zones of the adrenal glands
Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis
64
The Zona Glomerulosa of the adrenal glands secretes what hormones
Mineralocorticoids - Aldosterone (under renin control) -SALT
65
The Zona Fasciculata of the adrenal glands secretes what hormones
Glucocorticoids - Under ATCH control - Sweet
66
the Zona Reticularisof the adrenal glands secretes what hormones
Sex hormones (from pregnenelone) - Sex
67
When you go deeper into the adrenal structural zone what happens
the deeper you go the sweeter the sex gets (Salt to Sweet to Sex)
68
the medulla of the adrenal glands secretes what
norepinephrine under sympathetic control
69
what are the three arteries that supply the adrenal glands
superior adrenal middle adrenal inferior adrenal
70
the superior adrenal artery is from where
inferior phrenic artery a branch of the abdominal aorta
71
the middle adrenal artery is from where
the abdominal aorta
72
the inferior adrenal artery is from where
the renal artery
73
The adrenal gland is drained by how many veins
one single vein
74
the left adrenal vein drains into what
left renal vein
75
the right adrenal vein drains into what
directly into the inferior vena cava

NBCE I (General Anatomy) (9 decks)

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