Gastro-Intestinal Anatomy (part I)

Question 1

The GI tract is derived from what germ layer

Answer 1

the endoderm

Question 2

what are the three embryological parts of the GI tract

Answer 2

Foregut, midgut and hindgut

Question 3

the fore gut is supplied by what

Answer 3

celiac trunk

Question 4

what does the foregut give rise too

Answer 4

esophagus, stomach, proximal half of the duodenum, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Question 5

what is the midgut supplied by

Answer 5

superior mesenteric artery

Question 6

what does the midgut give rise too

Answer 6

distal half of the duodenum, small intestine, proximal half of large intestine up to the proximal two thirds of transverse colon

Question 7

what is the hindgut supplied by

Answer 7

the inferior mesenteric artery

Question 8

what does the hindgut give rise too

Answer 8

rest of the large intestine from the distal third of the transverse colon to the proximal half of the anal canal

Question 9

What is Meckel’s diverticulum

Answer 9

it is an uncommon congenital anomaly

Question 10

what percentage of the population does meckels diverticulum occur in

Answer 10

2%

Question 11

how long is Meckels diverticulum and where is it located

Answer 11

it is 2 inches long and is located 2 feet proximal to the ileocecal junction

Question 12

what are the two types of ectoptic tissues that meckels diverticulum may contain

Answer 12

gastric and pancreatic tissue

Question 13

how much more often is meckels diverticulum found in males than females

Answer 13

two times more common in males

Question 14

The GI tract can be divided in how many quadrants? what are they

Answer 14

4 quadrants - right and left upper and right and left lower quadrants

Question 15

how many regions are located in the abdominal region

Answer 15

9 regions associated with organs

Question 16

what are the 9 regions of the abdominal area

Answer 16

epigastric, right and left hypochondrium, umbilical, right and left flanks, right iliac fossa, left iliac fossa and hypogastric (suprapubic)

Question 17

what organs are in the epigastric region of the abs

Answer 17

stomach duodenum and pancreas

Question 18

what organs are in the right hypochondrium region

Answer 18

liver and gallbladder

Question 19

what organs are in the left hypochondrium region

Answer 19

spleen

Question 20

what is located in the umbilical region of the abs

Answer 20

small intestine

Question 21

what organs are located in the right and left flanks of the abs

Answer 21

right and left kidneys

Question 22

What organs are located in the right iliac fossa of the abs

Answer 22

appendix, right ovary and right uterine tube and cecum

Question 23

what organs are located in the left iliac fossa of the abs

Answer 23

left ovary, left uterine tube and sigmoid colon

Question 24

what organs are located in the hypogastric (suprapubic) region

Answer 24

bladder and uterus

Question 25

Where is the dermatome T7 level

Answer 25

xiphoid level

Question 26

where is the dermatome T10 level

Answer 26

umbilical level

Question 27

where is the dermatome level of L1

Answer 27

inguinal region

Question 28

how many layers does the anterior abdominal wall consist of

Answer 28

6 layers

Question 29

what are the 6 layers of the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 29

``` Skin Subcutaneous tissue muscle transversalis fascia extraperitoneal fat parietal peritoneum ```

Question 30

the subcutaneous layer of the anterior abdominal wall is further divided into how many layers and what are they

Answer 30

``` two more layers fatty layer (camper) membranous layer (Scarpa) ```

Question 31

the membranous layer of the subcutaneous layer of the anterior abdominal wall is continuous of with

Answer 31

Colles fascia in the scrotum and buck's fascia around the penis

Question 32

the membranous layer of the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall is attaches to what

Answer 32

the base of the urogenital diaphragm

Question 33

In the muscle layer lateral to the linea semilunaris of the anterior abdominal wall there are three muscles. What are they

Answer 33

External oblique internal oblique transversalis abdominal

Question 34

in the muscle layer medial to the linea semilunaris there are three different structures. What are they

Answer 34

Anterior layer of the rectus sheath rectus abdominis muscle posterior layer of the rectus sheath

Question 35

The anterior abdominal wall is innervated by what

Answer 35

the lower 5 intercostal nerves (T7-T11), the subcostal nerve (T12), the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1)

Question 36

Where is the rectus sheath found in relation to the arcuate line

Answer 36

above and below

Question 37

the rectus sheath above the arcuate line has what two layers

Answer 37

Anterior and posterior layer

Question 38

the rectus sheath below the arcuate line consists of that layers

Answer 38

anterior layer and posterior layer

Question 39

the posterior layer of the rectus sheath below the arcuate line is what

Answer 39

deficient and is covered only by transversalis fascia

Question 40

the arcuate line is located where

Answer 40

posterior to the rectus muscle midway between the umbilicus and the symphysis

Question 41

what are the contents of the rectus sheath

Answer 41

rectus abdominis muscle pyramidalis muscle superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins

Question 42

the Peritoneum is the what of the abdominal cavity

Answer 42

it is the inner lining

Question 43

what are the two parts of the anterior abdominal wall peritoneum

Answer 43

the parietal and visceral layer

Question 44

the parietal layer of the peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall is what to pain

Answer 44

sensitive to pain

Question 45

is the visceral layer of the peritoneum of the abdominal layer sensitive to pain

Answer 45

it is not sensitive to pain but is sensitive to distension

Question 46

what are the two layers of the abdominal cavity

Answer 46

greater and lesser sacs

Question 47

the lesser sac of the abdominal cavity lies where

Answer 47

behind the stomach

Question 48

where does the lesser sac of the abdominal cavity open into

Answer 48

the greater sac via the epiploeic foramen of winslow

Question 49

what are the retroperitoneal structure of the abdominal cavity (AC DC PARK AID)

Answer 49

Ascending Colon, Descending Colon, Pancreas, Adrenals, Rectum (lower 2/3), Kidneys, Aorta, IVC, Duodenum (2nd and 4th part)

Question 50

The stomach is a J-shaped sac that is lined by what?

Answer 50

lined by columnar epithelium and covered by three layers of smooth muscle

Question 51

what are the three layers of smooth muscle that are lining the stomach

Answer 51

Outer longitudinal inner circular innermost oblique

Question 52

The stomach has 2 notches. What are they

Answer 52

cardiac and angular notches

Question 53

the stomach has two curvatures known as what

Answer 53

lesser and greater curvature

Question 54

what are the two attached omenta of the stomach

Answer 54

Greater and lesser omentum

Question 55

the stomach is guarded by two sphincters known as what

Answer 55

lower esophageal and pyloric

Question 56

the stomach contains two main types of cells. What are they and what do they produce

Answer 56

Chief cells - pepsinogen | parietal (oxyntic) cells - HCL and Intrinsic factor

Question 57

What are the vessels that supply the stomach with blood

Answer 57

Left and Right Gastric Left gastro-epiploic and short gastric Right gastro-epiploic

Question 58

The duodenum is shaped like what

Answer 58

a ten inch C-shaped tube

Question 59

How many parts are there to the duodenum and what is their length?

Answer 59

``` 4 parts 1st part is 2" long 2nd part is 3" long 3rd part is 4" long 4th part is 1" long ```

Question 60

The upper half of the duodenum is supplied by what artery

Answer 60

the superior pancreatico-duodenal artery

Question 61

the lower half of the duodenum is supplied by what artery

Answer 61

the inferior pancreatic-duodenal artery (the first branch of the superior mesenteric artery)

Question 62

What opens up into the second part of the duodenum

Answer 62

the common bile duct of the biliary tree

Question 63

what passes over the third part of the duodenum

Answer 63

the superior mesenteric vein and artery

Question 64

The fourth part of the duodenum is continuous with the jejunum where

Answer 64

the duodeno-jejunal junction

Question 65

The duodeno-jejunal junction is fixed and held in place by what

Answer 65

the suspensory ligament (of Treitz)

Question 66

the suspensory ligament [of Treitz] (at the duodeno-jejunal junction) is attached to what

Answer 66

the right crus of the diaphragm

Question 67

the first inch of the first part of the duodenum is what

Answer 67

intraperitoneal

Question 68

the rest of the duodenum after the first inch of the first part is what

Answer 68

retroperitoneal