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ASA 001 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Tiger Woods

A
  • part Asian, but really leans into Af Am part of identity
  • represents the fact that Asian Americans are invisible minority and spectrum of race from black to white
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2
Q

American Racial Ideology as Applied to Asians

A
  • continuum of black to white
  • Asian Americans seen as assimilated and closer to white
  • model minority, honorary whites
  • therefore overlooked
  • neglects history and persecution of Asian American history because AAs have assimilated, high economic and educational success
  • Hispanics and Native Americans seen as closer to black
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3
Q

Neglect and Distortion of Asian Americans in American History

A
  • Asian immigration perceived as anomaly compared to European immigration
  • seen as not actively participating in US’s growth and history
  • still seen as new to US, but they’ve been here since 1700s
  • Asian Americans invisible from view of black-white paradigm
  • outsiders, perpetual foreigners, alien, invisible until concept of Asian American comes in 1970s
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4
Q

Asian Americans

A
  • diverse and heterogeneous
  • 30+ ethnic groups
  • origins in Asia
  • one of the fastest-growing groups in US; 10% of US pop and expected to be 12%
  • not just a demographic marker, but also oppositional to “Oriental” term
  • term represents shift in consciousness
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5
Q

“Oriental”

A
  • used until 1980s
  • from East
  • complement is “Occidental” - from West
  • “East meets West” idea suggests fundamental difference between E and W civilizations
  • way of orienting European countries
  • define west by marking east
  • Oriental suggests east, foreign, exotic
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6
Q

Orientalism by Edward Said (1979)

A
  • suggests that in late 18th C, Europe in Enlightenment
  • age of reason over faith in God
  • Orientalism emerges in Enlightenment as humans seek mastery over nature
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7
Q

Taxonomy

A
  • classifying animals and plants – also used for humans (skin color, skull shape, hair texture)
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8
Q

Orientalism

A
  • knowledge of Orient produced in Europe portraying Asians in foreign, exotic way
  • Orient was Near/Middle East (Arab countries)
  • not necessarily accurate
  • represented as strange, exotic, foreign, feminine, inferior
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9
Q

Defining Orient Implications

A
  • defining Orient implicitly defines West as the complement (familiar, rational, civilized)
  • E-W binary created as Orient defines what West is not
  • central to self-conception of Europe and the West
  • usually pitted against each other (E vs. W, E meets W)
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10
Q

Orient as Nautical Term

A
  • sailors orient themselves by knowing where E is
  • in that sense, E is fictional point that can’t be reached, but that you still use to understand where you stand in the world around you
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11
Q

European Imperialism

A
  • Asia, Africa, Americas
  • Orient was site of Europe’s richest colonies
  • taxonomy power coincides w/ imperialism
  • Orientalism becomes justification for colonization, conquest, domination
  • seen as needed to civilize Orientals
  • Orientals seen as homogeneous
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12
Q

American Orientalism

A
  • also saw Asians as monolithic group
  • more to orient Americans rather than understand Orientals
  • affirming American mastery in time of industrialization as America also becomes imperialist
  • also used to understand American nationality and identity
  • connotes that Orientals are never from US
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13
Q

Oriental Perceptions

A
  • perpetual, forever foreigners within
  • perpetual immigrants, outsiders
  • never full Americans
  • centrality of racism in Asian American history
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14
Q

“Asians in the Library”

A
  • textbook Orientalism
  • called them “Unamerican” in the most fundamental, crucial ways
  • racism so embedded in social structures that it made it normalized enough for her to post this on Youtube
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15
Q

“Asian American” Term

A
  • replaces “Oriental”
  • results in change of social and self-perception of Asian Americans
  • emerges in height of Oriental hatred
  • not necessarily racial classification so much as solidarity, organizing term
  • more what you believe (from nothing a consciousness)
  • panethnic identity for a bunch of ethnic subgroups
  • political identity and consciousness of society
  • emerges during social upheaval in American society
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16
Q

1960s Social Movements

A
  • anti-war, civil rights, feminist
  • questioned status quo and American institutions
  • challenged racism and sexism at home, imperialism in Vietnam
  • Asian Americans impacted by these changes –> fought to change perception of Asian Americans and ethnic studies in universities
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17
Q

SF State College Strike (1968)

A
  • formed Third World Liberation Front (TWLF)
  • Hispanic, black, Asian American students calling for ethnic studies department at SF State Uni and going on strike
  • it was about having faculty of color, access to education for people of color
  • 5 months long
  • results: first school of ethnic studies
  • UCD has 3rd-oldest ethnic studies program, after Berkeley
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18
Q

Civil Rights Movement (MLK) and Black Power (MX)

A
  • CR emphasized nonviolent civil disobedience and “equal opportunities for all”
  • CR: integration into society, caused 1965 CRA (end segregation), VRA (voting accessible; under attack now)
  • BP not necessarily nonviolent and seeking “liberation, freedom, by any means necessary”
  • BP: liberation rather than integration, more revolutionary
  • movements would’ve come together but both leaders assassinated
19
Q

Anti-Imperialist and Anti-Colonial Movements in Third World

A
  • colonialism abroad and racial inequality in US
  • internal colonialism: marginalization, discrimination, racism
  • solution is to liberate yourself from yoke of oppression, not integrate (BP movement influenced by anti-war movement)
  • emphasis on self-determination rather than on shared power
20
Q

Anti-War Movement

A
  • US racism in Vietnam War
  • Asian Americans part of these movements because they had “faces of the enemy”
  • soldiers made no distinction between different ethnicities –> all were “Gooks”
  • racist war
  • strengthened Asian America solidarity w/ Asian people in US and abroad
  • claiming Asian American rights has international connections
21
Q

Feminist Movement

A
  • not born a woman, become a woman
  • society dictates what women should be
  • same with Asian Americans –> social consciousness
  • the term Asian American is a means to an end, and that end is social transformation
22
Q

Asian-American Studies

A
  • anti-Oriental
  • political empowerment, social change
  • oppositional orientation against prevailing notions of power and authority
  • race is essential to power structuring in society and coincides w/ gender, sexuality, etc., within groups
  • critical consciousness and political orientation of being against white supremacy
  • also seeks to advance Asians around the world (interracial and international)
23
Q

Radical Love

A
  • wants transformative social change and equality
  • rooted in love and compassion
  • not anti-white
  • just wanting a better future without white supremacy
  • NFL footballer not bending a knee during pledge or national anthem in protest of police brutality
24
Q

White Supremacy

A
  • not about white people
  • social-ordering logic that organizes society along human differences, including race
25
Q

Challenges of Pan-Asian Unity

A
  • not unchanging unity or unchanging goal
  • goals and understanding of identity change as political, economic, and social processes change
  • Asian Americans today are usually seen because of recent spike of immigration, and more likely to be foreign-born
  • foreign-born Asian Americans bring a different political consciousness depending on their home country’s situation
  • diversity of Asian Americans challenges unity and solidarity
26
Q

Chol Soo Lee

A
  • panethnicity is product of social and political processes
  • he was wrongfully convicted of one murder, went to jail, killed someone, got the death penalty
  • young people held protests to free him, but South Koreans coming from SK were afraid of socialism and saw socialism in these protests
  • young Korean Americans brought SK and Asian Americans together to fight for Chol Soo Lee
  • he was executed
27
Q

What is a Chicano?

A
  • from UC Race Project of UCD that was fighting for importance of ethnic studies
  • Chicano is social consciousness as well as political ID for those of Mexican descent born in the US
  • Chicano is anyone who can contribute to society while also understanding their situation in that society
  • Chicano people understand society, can advance US to live up to its ideals while not assimilating or losing one’s culture
  • “a love of self is a Chicano” –> social identity more important that political/racial demographic marker
28
Q

Objectivity and Subjectivity

A
  • nothing is objective because there is always a subject acting on the object
  • history is interpreting facts and giving meaning to facts, so not subjective
  • history is knowledge of what is said to have happenede
  • collating multiple interpretations from credible sources
  • can still have accurate/inaccurate sources, but they are all subjective
  • history is selection and emphasis of facts
29
Q

“History has to be rewritten for every generation”

A
  • history is about asking questions, and every generation asks different questions
  • historical past interpreted in different ways
  • who made Asian American history invisible?
  • need to change the subject of who wrote the book and rewrite history to make them visible
30
Q

Family Album History

A
  • photos are snapshots of the past and don’t mean anything in themselves; need context
  • historical meaning is actively produced by the subject
  • history is a narrative out of facts and sources interpreted from a particular POV
  • historians are trial lawyers more than detectives (putting forth an argument/interpretation)
  • academic knowledge is not a data dump but a POV
31
Q

Primary Sources

A
  • raw historical documents
  • how we engage with the past and understand how history is constructed
  • primary sources contextualize history and help get at meaning of events
  • closest relationship in time and space to subject under study (laws, newspaper articles, literature, artwork)
  • engage with these by asking questions
32
Q

Secondary Sources

A
  • interpretations of primary sources
33
Q

History vs. Fiction

A
  • history needs credibility grounded in material
  • history has burden of proof: needs evidence and sources to make valid claim
34
Q

Asian American History

A
  • changing subject in study of object
  • Asian American people’s experiences written in perspective of Asian American experiences
  • rewriting, redefining, reinterpreting, reclaiming AA historical experiences
35
Q

Assimilationist Approach

A
  • assumes that it’s natural for immigrants to come, shed their past, and assimilate into America
  • comes from studying European immigrants’ assimilation in early 20th C
  • Asians that don’t assimilate are seen as deviants. wrong; can’t become part of American society
  • AAs write against that distortion of AA culture and experience
36
Q

Contributions/Celebratory Approach

A
  • celebrates diversity and everything that’s good about cultures
  • doesn’t change course of assimilation because America is still seen as melting pot; one homogeneous identity regardless of immigrant composition
  • multiculturalism recognizes difference without making a difference
37
Q

Institutionalized racial discrimination and exploitation (structure) approach

A
  • focuses on organization of society: political and legal structures, laws, economy
  • effects of these on lowest members of society (in terms of power and race)
  • race is central to social power structure, and social institutions reflect that
37
Q

Agents of History (Agency) Approach

A
  • people are agents of history
  • despite social constraints of low institutional position, all humans have capacity to resist and change institutions
  • not passive victims of social structures
  • choices are made, sometimes imbued w/ contradictions, but still part of human experience
38
Q

Contingency

A
  • history isn’t inevitable, people react differently
  • history is contingent on people’s choices
39
Q

Structure and Agency

A
  • 2 sides of same coin
  • can’t understand choices w/out larger context
  • “people make their own history, but not of their own choosing”
  • structure is what happens to people, and agency is what people do when those things happen
  • cannot make people passive victims of their environment who never respond w/ choices of their own
40
Q

Area Studies

A
  • Asian studies: people of Asia; area of Asia
41
Q

Ethnic Studies

A
  • Asian American studies
  • perceived as outside cultural and racial boundaries
  • comes back to invisibility of Asian Americans, foreignness, outside of US
  • seen as more important to understand their history as outside of Asia, not US so much
42
Q

Asian Studies and US Foreign Policy Interests

A
  • US needed to study the enemy in the Cold War and further policy interests with educated people
  • Asian studies for a long time was about serving the status quo and power structures
  • Asian American studies and 1960s social movements were more oppositional to the status quo
43
Q

Transnational Diasporic Perspectives

A
  • Asian American experiences have to be understood in connection to Asia, events in Asia
  • nowadays, there are linkages between US and Asia that were unprecedented when Asian American studies began
  • AA studies are changing
  • what happened in Asia to produce mass migrations in late 19th C?

ASA 001 (12 decks)

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