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ASA 001 > International Context of Asian Migration > Flashcards

International Context of Asian Migration Flashcards

1
Q

1850-1934

A
  • 1M Asians came to US and Hawaii
  • came in waves
  • Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Asian Indian, Filipino
  • also 1M from Latin America and 35M from Europe
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2
Q

Macrofactors

A
  • placement of Asian Americans in society, societal structures, institutions, politics, economics
  • forces that produce migrations
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3
Q

Microfactors

A
  • individual factors in migration
  • perspective of individual Asians
  • intertwined w/ macrofactors
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4
Q

Push Factors

A
  • government persecution
  • poor economic opportunities/instability
  • war
  • unequal treaties
  • history of migration in cultures
  • political instability/persecution/social movements
  • disease
  • famine/natural disasters
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5
Q

Pull Factors

A
  • international prestige (coming to US bolsters prestige of other countries)
  • Gold Rush
  • economic opportunities
  • recruitment
  • education
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6
Q

International Context

A
  • Asian immigration part of “expansion of Europe” process
  • imperialism that US joined as part of manifest destiny
  • labor needs made Europe and US turn to nonwhite populations
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7
Q

Imperialism

A
  • policy, practice, advocacy of extending power and dominion of nation, especially by direct territorial acquisitions or indirect control over political or economic life of other areas
  • unequal treaties
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8
Q

Global Capitalism and Imperialism

A
  • the two factors that set off push and pull factors in Asian immigration
  • takeover of another nation or territory
  • appropriation of material resources
  • exploitation of labor
  • interference/control over political and social structures
  • conquest and control over other people’s lands and goods
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9
Q

Western Imperialism and Global Capitalism

A
  • from Columbus in 15th C to pinnacle from 1850-1924
  • created global system of dependent relations dominated by W Eur
  • 84% of land was colonized, mostly by W Eur
  • globalization and contact between diverse communities, different countries, etc. culminated in this period and W Eur’s power in imperialism
  • alters global power and changes home countries –> sparks migration
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10
Q

Before 1850

A
  • Filipino settlements in Louisiana in 1760s (before Revolutionary War)
  • Roman Catholic Church allowed division of land between Spain and Portugal
  • Columbus found America while trying to find Asia
  • Chinese wealth key in building up US strength through merchants
  • Hu Kwa, richest man in China, gave Forbes capital to build up railroads
  • Chinese laborers = “coolie”
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11
Q

World Systems Perspective

A
  • core, periphery, and semi-periphery countries in world system
  • 1850s: W Eur is core, US is periphery
  • Asian immigration moved US from periphery to core
    -imperialism and industrialization –> core countries
  • core countries become core countries because of imperialism over periphery countries
  • creates uneven spheres of core and periphery that are interdependent
  • sets into motion push/pull factors and labor migratrions
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12
Q

White Man’s Burden

A
  • imperialism as ideology
  • white man’s burden is to bring civilization to other countries
  • written by Rudyard Kipling to justify conquest of the Philippines
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13
Q

“East is East and West is West and ne’er the twain shall meet”

A
  • Manifest Destiny
  • comes back to Orientalism notion
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14
Q

Macro Perspective of Migration

A
  • structural forces
  • economic, societal forces
  • larger picture, but doesn’t account for individual choices
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15
Q

Micro Perspective of Migration

A
  • human agency
  • individual choices, but don’t get larger picture
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16
Q

Opium War (1839-1840)

A
  • trade balance btwn W and China favored China bcs China got paid in bullion rather than goods for their tea
  • GB got opium from India and traded that for tea w/ China
  • caused addiction in Chinese, greater debt, social havoc
  • Commissioner Lin destroyed opium crates in Canton
  • GB sends naval force in retaliation (beginnings of imperialism in China)
17
Q

Treaty of Nanjing

A
  • ended Opium War
  • 5 ports opened to uneven W trade w/ GB
  • Hong Kong ceded to GB until 1987
  • 1/3 annual income of Chinese treasury paid to GB as war reparations
  • extraterritoriality of GB: made GB immune to Chinese laws and allowed them to dominate
  • “carving Chinese melons” into spheres of influence where different nations had access to different ports on the coast because of unequal treaties
  • not formally colonizing China, but China still powerless
  • other unequal treaties made later
18
Q

Results for China

A
  • distorts domestic economy in China, as they’re forced to buy imported cotton, industrialization is inhibited, and rural people unemployed because indigenous industries are dying
  • taxes to pay for war reparations caused discontent and loss of lands
  • rebellions caused by social unrest and dissatisfaction (Taiping Rebellion and Red Turban rebels)
  • Ching Dynasty falling apart, weakening government
  • natural disasters dislocate many people
  • CA Gold Rush pulls people looking for economic stability
19
Q

Guangdong Province

A
  • focal point in China for migrations
  • particularly impacted by famine, floods, unequal treaties
  • Canton important port for trading networks (infrastructure for labor recruitment)
20
Q

Opening of Japan

A
  • Commodore Matthew Perry, US imperialist
  • Japan used to be “shogun” - isolated from W and outside of world
  • Perry used gunboat diplomacy to force Japan to sign unequal treaties
21
Q

Meiji Restoration (1868)

A
  • response to unequal treaties
  • Japan adopted W tech and industrialization/modernization
  • sought to acquire power and international prestige of W to compete and keep up with them
  • Japan begins its own imperialist endeavors to fuel economic growth
  • Japan colonizes Korea and becomes early imperialist power recognized on world stage by W in early 20th C
22
Q

Results in Japan

A
  • imperialism produced dislocations –> emigration forces from Japan
  • land taxes placed burden on farmers, who lost their land
  • deflationary policies to bring down prices made farmers earn less money and produced more dislocations
  • military conscription of males 17-40 yo to build up military might
  • conscription deferred by getting W education in US and coming back with that knowledge to perform in Meiji reform programs
  • immigrants from SW provinces of Japan (taxes hit them hard, near trading ports where recruiters would take individuals)
23
Q

Chosun/Yi Dynasty (1392-1910) - Korea

A
  • was beginning to fall apart due to factionalism in gov’t
  • Japan able to make aggressive moves into Korea
  • Japan seeking outside sources of food and raw material for its growth
24
Q

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

A
  • China seen as middle kingdom and Japan and Korea seen as tributes/little brothers
  • Japan takes on China, beats them, and reorders power in East Asia
  • Japan becomes Asian superpower
25
Q

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

A
  • had to do with dominance over Korea
  • first time non-white nation engages in war with a Western white nation
  • Japan defeats Russia
  • world realizes Japan is force to be reckoned with
26
Q

Korea as Japanese Colony

A
  • 1910: Korea fully annexed into Japan
  • Korea agrarian nation like Japan
  • Japan takes over lands as their Empire’s property –> people are dispossessed from lands
  • people came from Korea to US from diverse geographical and economic backgrounds, most political refugees from Japanese colonial rule
27
Q

Christian Missionaries in Korea

A
  • most successful in Korea (more than in China and Japan)
  • situated in Pyongyang
  • missionaries often plantation owners of sugar plantations in HI
  • 40% of the emigrants to HI were recent converts due to American Protestant missionaries
  • Koreans sought educational opportunities and religious freedom
  • missionaries made Christianity attractive and a sign of hope for the future for Koreans
28
Q

India as a British Colony

A
  • GB colony in 1857
  • Punjab was one of the last areas to be annexed in 1849
  • 99% of Indians coming to the US were from Punjab
  • GB instituted land reforms and instituted capitalist and commercial agriculture
  • cash economy changed landowning
  • small landowners displaced Indians from land (they taxed the land higher)
  • Punjab hit by severe famine, crop shortages, and natural disasters in late 19th C
  • Sikhs have strong military traditions, so they served in the British military
  • fought in Opium War; stationed in Hong Kong afterwards
  • from there, they went to British Columbia in Canada, and then on to the US
  • 99% immigrants were males; drawn to Canadian railroad companies
29
Q

Philippines

A
  • last group to come
  • subject to Spanish, then US colonialism
  • 1521: Spain colonizes them
  • Spain takes richest agricultural land in this agrarian country and takes cash crops to sell abroad for Spain
  • less land for staple crops like rice, which had to be imported into the Philippines
30
Q

1898 Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars

A
  • made US imperial force in Philippines
  • wars devastated Philippines
  • US arrival continued economic displacement and cash crop policies
31
Q

Ilocos Province

A
  • most emigrants came from Ilocos province in NW Philippines
  • smallest area landwise, but most densely populated
  • traded w/ China from here
  • land not suitable for cash crop growth
  • becomes economic backwater/least developed region of Philippines
  • people move from - most emigrants came from Ilocos province in NW Philippines
  • smallest area landwise, but most densely populated
  • traded w/ China from here
  • land not suitable for cash crop growth
  • becomes economic backwater/least developed region of Philippines to HI and US
32
Q

US Nationals Status

A
  • Filipinos held category as US nationals
  • had US passports, but weren’t US citizens
  • could bypass immigration restrictions on groups that came before them because they’re ambiguous
  • had to wait before coming because of restrictions on groups before them
  • primarily labor migrations to HI and US
33
Q

US Colonial Policies in Philippines

A
  • US instituted free public education system in Philippines that inculcated American values into the population (freedom, democracy, English classes
  • this was done to win hearts and minds of Filipino people
  • Filipinos then sought to continue education in America (like Carlos Bulosan)
34
Q

Benevolent Assimilation

A
  • Filipinos perceived as unready for democracy
  • US there on temporary basis to ready Filipinos for self-rule
  • had to Americanize Filipinos to bring them closer to civilization
35
Q

Revolving Door Migration

A
  • replacement of groups in waves
  • Chinese Exclusion Act, Gentlemen’s Agreement, Immigration Act target different ethnic groups and have different effects on them
  • 1965 Immigration Act comes out of CRM and causes racial exclusions to immigration law to be largely removed

ASA 001 (12 decks)

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