International Context of Asian Migration Flashcards
1
Q
1850-1934
A
- 1M Asians came to US and Hawaii
- came in waves
- Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Asian Indian, Filipino
- also 1M from Latin America and 35M from Europe
2
Q
Macrofactors
A
- placement of Asian Americans in society, societal structures, institutions, politics, economics
- forces that produce migrations
3
Q
Microfactors
A
- individual factors in migration
- perspective of individual Asians
- intertwined w/ macrofactors
4
Q
Push Factors
A
- government persecution
- poor economic opportunities/instability
- war
- unequal treaties
- history of migration in cultures
- political instability/persecution/social movements
- disease
- famine/natural disasters
5
Q
Pull Factors
A
- international prestige (coming to US bolsters prestige of other countries)
- Gold Rush
- economic opportunities
- recruitment
- education
6
Q
International Context
A
- Asian immigration part of “expansion of Europe” process
- imperialism that US joined as part of manifest destiny
- labor needs made Europe and US turn to nonwhite populations
7
Q
Imperialism
A
- policy, practice, advocacy of extending power and dominion of nation, especially by direct territorial acquisitions or indirect control over political or economic life of other areas
- unequal treaties
8
Q
Global Capitalism and Imperialism
A
- the two factors that set off push and pull factors in Asian immigration
- takeover of another nation or territory
- appropriation of material resources
- exploitation of labor
- interference/control over political and social structures
- conquest and control over other people’s lands and goods
9
Q
Western Imperialism and Global Capitalism
A
- from Columbus in 15th C to pinnacle from 1850-1924
- created global system of dependent relations dominated by W Eur
- 84% of land was colonized, mostly by W Eur
- globalization and contact between diverse communities, different countries, etc. culminated in this period and W Eur’s power in imperialism
- alters global power and changes home countries –> sparks migration
10
Q
Before 1850
A
- Filipino settlements in Louisiana in 1760s (before Revolutionary War)
- Roman Catholic Church allowed division of land between Spain and Portugal
- Columbus found America while trying to find Asia
- Chinese wealth key in building up US strength through merchants
- Hu Kwa, richest man in China, gave Forbes capital to build up railroads
- Chinese laborers = “coolie”
11
Q
World Systems Perspective
A
- core, periphery, and semi-periphery countries in world system
- 1850s: W Eur is core, US is periphery
- Asian immigration moved US from periphery to core
-imperialism and industrialization –> core countries - core countries become core countries because of imperialism over periphery countries
- creates uneven spheres of core and periphery that are interdependent
- sets into motion push/pull factors and labor migratrions
12
Q
White Man’s Burden
A
- imperialism as ideology
- white man’s burden is to bring civilization to other countries
- written by Rudyard Kipling to justify conquest of the Philippines
13
Q
“East is East and West is West and ne’er the twain shall meet”
A
- Manifest Destiny
- comes back to Orientalism notion
14
Q
Macro Perspective of Migration
A
- structural forces
- economic, societal forces
- larger picture, but doesn’t account for individual choices
15
Q
Micro Perspective of Migration
A
- human agency
- individual choices, but don’t get larger picture
16
Q
Opium War (1839-1840)
A
- trade balance btwn W and China favored China bcs China got paid in bullion rather than goods for their tea
- GB got opium from India and traded that for tea w/ China
- caused addiction in Chinese, greater debt, social havoc
- Commissioner Lin destroyed opium crates in Canton
- GB sends naval force in retaliation (beginnings of imperialism in China)
17
Q
Treaty of Nanjing
A
- ended Opium War
- 5 ports opened to uneven W trade w/ GB
- Hong Kong ceded to GB until 1987
- 1/3 annual income of Chinese treasury paid to GB as war reparations
- extraterritoriality of GB: made GB immune to Chinese laws and allowed them to dominate
- “carving Chinese melons” into spheres of influence where different nations had access to different ports on the coast because of unequal treaties
- not formally colonizing China, but China still powerless
- other unequal treaties made later
18
Q
Results for China
A
- distorts domestic economy in China, as they’re forced to buy imported cotton, industrialization is inhibited, and rural people unemployed because indigenous industries are dying
- taxes to pay for war reparations caused discontent and loss of lands
- rebellions caused by social unrest and dissatisfaction (Taiping Rebellion and Red Turban rebels)
- Ching Dynasty falling apart, weakening government
- natural disasters dislocate many people
- CA Gold Rush pulls people looking for economic stability
19
Q
Guangdong Province
A
- focal point in China for migrations
- particularly impacted by famine, floods, unequal treaties
- Canton important port for trading networks (infrastructure for labor recruitment)
20
Q
Opening of Japan
A
- Commodore Matthew Perry, US imperialist
- Japan used to be “shogun” - isolated from W and outside of world
- Perry used gunboat diplomacy to force Japan to sign unequal treaties
21
Q
Meiji Restoration (1868)
A
- response to unequal treaties
- Japan adopted W tech and industrialization/modernization
- sought to acquire power and international prestige of W to compete and keep up with them
- Japan begins its own imperialist endeavors to fuel economic growth
- Japan colonizes Korea and becomes early imperialist power recognized on world stage by W in early 20th C
22
Q
Results in Japan
A
- imperialism produced dislocations –> emigration forces from Japan
- land taxes placed burden on farmers, who lost their land
- deflationary policies to bring down prices made farmers earn less money and produced more dislocations
- military conscription of males 17-40 yo to build up military might
- conscription deferred by getting W education in US and coming back with that knowledge to perform in Meiji reform programs
- immigrants from SW provinces of Japan (taxes hit them hard, near trading ports where recruiters would take individuals)
23
Q
Chosun/Yi Dynasty (1392-1910) - Korea
A
- was beginning to fall apart due to factionalism in gov’t
- Japan able to make aggressive moves into Korea
- Japan seeking outside sources of food and raw material for its growth
24
Q
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
A
- China seen as middle kingdom and Japan and Korea seen as tributes/little brothers
- Japan takes on China, beats them, and reorders power in East Asia
- Japan becomes Asian superpower
25
Q
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
A
- had to do with dominance over Korea
- first time non-white nation engages in war with a Western white nation
- Japan defeats Russia
- world realizes Japan is force to be reckoned with
26
Q
Korea as Japanese Colony
A
- 1910: Korea fully annexed into Japan
- Korea agrarian nation like Japan
- Japan takes over lands as their Empire’s property –> people are dispossessed from lands
- people came from Korea to US from diverse geographical and economic backgrounds, most political refugees from Japanese colonial rule
27
Q
Christian Missionaries in Korea
A
- most successful in Korea (more than in China and Japan)
- situated in Pyongyang
- missionaries often plantation owners of sugar plantations in HI
- 40% of the emigrants to HI were recent converts due to American Protestant missionaries
- Koreans sought educational opportunities and religious freedom
- missionaries made Christianity attractive and a sign of hope for the future for Koreans
28
Q
India as a British Colony
A
- GB colony in 1857
- Punjab was one of the last areas to be annexed in 1849
- 99% of Indians coming to the US were from Punjab
- GB instituted land reforms and instituted capitalist and commercial agriculture
- cash economy changed landowning
- small landowners displaced Indians from land (they taxed the land higher)
- Punjab hit by severe famine, crop shortages, and natural disasters in late 19th C
- Sikhs have strong military traditions, so they served in the British military
- fought in Opium War; stationed in Hong Kong afterwards
- from there, they went to British Columbia in Canada, and then on to the US
- 99% immigrants were males; drawn to Canadian railroad companies
29
Q
Philippines
A
- last group to come
- subject to Spanish, then US colonialism
- 1521: Spain colonizes them
- Spain takes richest agricultural land in this agrarian country and takes cash crops to sell abroad for Spain
- less land for staple crops like rice, which had to be imported into the Philippines
30
Q
1898 Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars
A
- made US imperial force in Philippines
- wars devastated Philippines
- US arrival continued economic displacement and cash crop policies
31
Q
Ilocos Province
A
- most emigrants came from Ilocos province in NW Philippines
- smallest area landwise, but most densely populated
- traded w/ China from here
- land not suitable for cash crop growth
- becomes economic backwater/least developed region of Philippines
- people move from - most emigrants came from Ilocos province in NW Philippines
- smallest area landwise, but most densely populated
- traded w/ China from here
- land not suitable for cash crop growth
- becomes economic backwater/least developed region of Philippines to HI and US
32
Q
US Nationals Status
A
- Filipinos held category as US nationals
- had US passports, but weren’t US citizens
- could bypass immigration restrictions on groups that came before them because they’re ambiguous
- had to wait before coming because of restrictions on groups before them
- primarily labor migrations to HI and US
33
Q
US Colonial Policies in Philippines
A
- US instituted free public education system in Philippines that inculcated American values into the population (freedom, democracy, English classes
- this was done to win hearts and minds of Filipino people
- Filipinos then sought to continue education in America (like Carlos Bulosan)
34
Q
Benevolent Assimilation
A
- Filipinos perceived as unready for democracy
- US there on temporary basis to ready Filipinos for self-rule
- had to Americanize Filipinos to bring them closer to civilization
35
Q
Revolving Door Migration
A
- replacement of groups in waves
- Chinese Exclusion Act, Gentlemen’s Agreement, Immigration Act target different ethnic groups and have different effects on them
- 1965 Immigration Act comes out of CRM and causes racial exclusions to immigration law to be largely removed
