Filipino Immigration (1909-1934) Flashcards
1
Q
Pensionados
A
- first group of immigrants
- 1909-1917
- came under tutelage of Filipino territorial gov’t in place by the US
- came for university training in US
- from elite Filipino families
- expected to return to Philippines to serve as lawyers, politicians, etc., to help Filipino infrastructure and continue as elite members of Filipino society
- by 1920, most had returned to the Philippines
2
Q
Student-Laborers
A
- Carlos Bulosan
- young, single men
- poor, little-educated
- worked on farms in Pacific Coast
- mainly went to HI sugar plantations and Pacific Coast
- US nationals, so not subject to same immigration restrictions
3
Q
Second Half of 1920s
A
- replacement labor for the reduced Chinese and Japanese immigrants
- different legal category as US nationals (not US citizens, but they had US passports)
4
Q
US Mainland (1920-1930)
A
- came from HI or Philippines to mainland
- mostly in CA
- mostly males
- major theme of America is in the Heart
5
Q
Work Types Fulfilled
A
- agriculture
- in off-seasons of agriculture:
- service jobs, canneries, migratory agricultural labor
- this migration structured their experiences and is a major theme of America is in the Heart
6
Q
Results of Their Being the Last to Arrive
A
- many Filipinos could not climb the agricultural ladder and remained farm laborers
- by the 1920s, there were land laws and restrictions on land ownership to prevent agricultural ascension of other Asian groups
- land available to Asians was already taken by the time Filipinos came
- crop prices dropped with the war
7
Q
Business Owners?
A
- very few small business owners among Filipinos
- 1930s Great Depression wiped out savings
- small business markets also saturated by earlier Asians
- Filipinos remained wandering group of migrant labor throughout this time period
