Introduction Flashcards

Question

Prepatent period is

Answer 1

(PPP)(infected but not shedding detectable numbers of shed stages- eggs or larvae etc)

Answer 2

infected and shedding detectable numbers of shed stage

Answer 3

%infected in a population) and intensity( how many parasites in an infected animal

Answer 4

Ingestion of infective stages from a contaminated environment Ingestion of infective stages in infected intermediate hosts, often regular prey Skin penetration by infective stages Inoculation of infective stages by infected arthropod vectors Transfer of infective stages by direct contact with other infected hosts Transmammary infection of larvae from mother to offspring Other

Answer 5

(roundworm) Parasitic and free-living species Tiny (<1mm) to enormous (40cm) Genders separate (dioecious), sexual reproduction within DH Eggs or larvated eggs, or larvae (diagnosis; finding these stages) Direct and indirect life cycles Live in many hosts and tissues twitch host and tissue specificity Larvae of some species undergo complicated migrations

Answer 6

female nematode that passes eggs in the single cell stage or the morula stage (solid mass of cells, clustered together)

Answer 7

female nematode that passes eggs with a first stage larva contained (and visible)

Answer 8

female nematode that retains the eggs within the uterus till they mature and hatch and then pass live first-stage larvae

Answer 9

Ingestion of infective eggs or larvae from the environment, contaminated food or water Ingestion of larvae within intermediate host or paratenic host Skin penetration by infected larvae Inoculation of infective larvae from an arthropod vector Prenatally from mother to fetus Through the mammary gland from mother to suckling young Each species of nematode has its own route(s) of infection

Answer 10

Identification of nematode adults requires details such as host, size of worm, morphological features of the worm, usually on the head and tail ends Egg morphology is more commonly used for diagnosis, this also varies, for example, the presence or absence of larvae in the egg, size, and other morphological features (operculum, polar plugs, color, etc,.)

Answer 11

Fecal Flotation Helminth eggs (most), some protozoal oocysts Baermann larval sedimentation- live larvae in fresh feces submerged in water wiggle out and sink PCR and antigen based methods of detection and identification of parasites

Answer 12

All species parasitic Some tiny (2mm), some enormous (12m) Hermaphrodite All have an indirect life cycle with intermediate host(s) Adults in DH parasitize the GI system, cause few problems and produce eggs immediately infective for the IH Larval stages in tissues of IH may cause serious problems Asexual reproduction may occur in IH depending on species

Answer 13

Have segmented sections immature segments--> mature segments--> gravid segments Segment = proglottid

Answer 14

Fecal float

Answer 15

All parasitic From tiny (<1mm) to giant (10cm) Hermaphroditic (veterinary importance) Sexual reproduction occurs in DH All have an indirect life cycle with intermediate host(s) First IH always a gastropod (slug or snail) Asexual reproduction in gastropod IH Adults in DH parasitize GIT or lungs; sometimes pathogenic Larval stages in IH parasitize many tissues; rarely pathogenic

Answer 16

Ingestion of infective metacercariae on vegetation Ingestion of infective metacercariae in intermediate hosts Skin penetration by cercariae Through mammary gland from mother to suckling young Each species of trematode has its own route of infection

Answer 17

Fecal sedimentation For eggs too dense to float Primarily trematode eggs

Answer 18

Arachnida Insecta

Answer 19

Mites and ticks (acari)

Answer 20

Bugs (hemiperta) Lice (mallophaga and anoplura) Fleas (siphenoperta) Flies (diptera)

Answer 21

Dorso-ventrally flattened Six legs as larva Eight legs as nymph and adult Variable host specificity Microscopic “Hariry”

Answer 22

Burrowing mites Short legs Surface mites Long legs

Answer 23

adults --> eggs--> larvae--> nymphs Life cycle complete in about 10-14 days Note: generally (but not always) the entire life-cycle is on the host

Answer 24

Dorso-ventrally flattened Six legs as larva Eight legs as nymph and adult Not very host specific Macroscopic Smooth Time to complete life cycles highly variable, depending on species and environment

Answer 25

Hard ticks Ixodidae Soft ticks Argasidae

Answer 26

Egg→ larva (3 pairs of legs) → nymph (4 pair of legs) → adult All stages require a blood meal to develop to the next stage

Answer 27

attach first as larvae, feed and moult to a nymph, feed and moult to an adult and fall off the original animal as adults and lay eggs in the environment- weeks to months later

Answer 28

Attach on host 1 as a larva, feed and moult to a nymph on the host. Feed as a nymph and fall off the host 1. Moult to an adult in the environment and then find a new host as an adult. Mate and fall off into the environment to lay eggs.

Answer 29

attach to host 1 as a larva, feed fall off and moult to a nymph, attach to the host 2 as a nymph, feed and fall off into the enviro. Moult to an adult. Attach to host 3 and feed and mate on the third host. Fall off into the enviro to lay eggs They life cycle of a three host tick may take 2 or 3 years or longer depending on host availability

Answer 30

Three pair of legs Three distinct body regions (head, thorax, abdomen) Head: two eyes, two antennae, and complex mouthparts Thorax: six legs and anywhere from zero (i.e fleas and lice) to four wings (i.e. beetles and some bugs) Abdomen: Reproduction eggs or larvae

Answer 31

Dorso-ventrally flattened Six legs Variable host specificity Cimidae -Bed bugs Reduviidae -Assassin bugs -Kissing bugs -Cone-noses

Answer 32

Adults (on host only to feed)--> eggs in the enviro--> nymphs on host only to feed (blood feed)

Answer 33

Dorso-ventrally flattened Six legs Quite host specific Mallophaga Chewing/biting lice Head wider than thorax Anoplura Sucking lice Head narrower than thorax

Answer 34

Laterally flattened Six legs Not host specific

Answer 35

Nematocera Brachycera Cyclorhapha Time to complete life cycle highly variable, depending on species and enviro

Answer 36

Mosquitos Blackflies Midges

Answer 37

Horseflies Deerflies

Answer 38

Faceflies Hornflies Botflies

Answer 39

Annoyance- decreased feeding sleep and poor hair coat Blood loss- lice can drop a PCV to <10% Produce venoms and toxins- tix paralysis (ascending flaccid paralysis), spider bites Dermatosis (skin disease)- mange mites Miasis (infection of the flesh of the living animals with fly larvae)- cattle warbles Allergic reactions- flea dermatitis, dust mites (serious allergies in people), anaphylaxis from death of warbles in cattle Vectors for disease agents Mechanical vectors (transport hosts)- flies carry Trypanosomes, etc Biological vectors(intermediate hosts)- mosquitoes carry heartworm, fleas carry Dipylidium caninum

Answer 40

Finding adults or immature stages and identifying them (as boat as one can- e.g. fleas) Sometimes symptoms Sometimes test treatment

Answer 41

Single-celled, eukaryotic organisms Approximately 64 000 species described of which only 7 000 are parasitic to animals. The rest are free-living Protozoans infect a variety of tissue sites within the definitive host

Answer 42

Blood samples- hemoprotozoa Most are found in the erythrocytes within a stained blood smear Ticks and blood sucking insects often serve as the IH and transmit RBCs containing the hemoprotozoa Can also find antigens or antibodies in blood samples Fecal samples- intestinal protozoa Tissue samples

Answer 43

the stage of the protozoan life cycle that is capable of feeding, movement and reproduction; often too fragile to survive transfer to a new host

Answer 44

Transmission to a new host most often occurs when the protozoan is in the cyst state or oocyst stage Most metabolic functions are suspended when the parasite is encysted Cyst wall prevents desiccation and protects it from other enviro damage

Answer 45

Used to help identify the type of protozoa recovered from an animal Flagella Cilia Pseudopodia "false feet"

Answer 46

Long, whiplike structures Single or multiple Flagellates Trichomonads, Leishmania, Giardia Sometimes the flagellum passes backwards along the cell, joined at a few or several points and is thus termed an undulating membrane (Genus Trypanosoma)

Answer 47

Short flagella, usually arranged in rows or tufts Typically found in various arrangements around the mouth and/or rural groove of the ciliates such as Balantidium coli and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Answer 48

Temporary extensions and retractions of the body wall to surround potential food particles or for movement Typical of amoebas such as Entamoeba histolytica

Answer 49

Flagellates Mucosoflagellates Direct life cycle E.g giardia (Direct life cycle) Tritrichomonas spp. (direct life cycle) Histomonas (indirect life cycle) Hemoflagellates Arthropod-transmitted E.g. Trypanosoma Ciliates Direct life cycles Asexual reproduction (binary fusion) E.g. Balantidium coli in swine (rarely zoonotic) E.g. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in fish (ich) Sporozoa/apicomplexans Coccidia Direct life cycles (GIT) E.g. Eimeria Indirect life cycles (tissue cysts) E.g. Toxoplasma Haemosporidia Arthropod-transmitted E.g. babesia Amoebae Direct life cycle, asexual reproduction Free-living Amoeba (humans, dogs) Acanthamoeba spp. Naegleria fowleri

Answer 50

Direct (D) or indirect(I) life cycles Eimeria D Cystoisospora D/I Cryptosporidium D Toxoplasma I Neospora I Sarcocystis I Eimeria spp. – coccidia of ungulate

Answer 51

Diarrhea Fevers and flu-like symptoms Neurological signs Abortions Skin lesions

Answer 52

Appearance on fecal smear/flotation Fecal smear- simple, quick, low sensitivity False - are common Protozoal trophozoites (esp. If symptomatic) and cyst Fecal flotation Various flotation solutions Protozoal oocysts (Coccidia, sarcocytes) Immunofluorescent tests Immunohistochemistry Serology Molecular detection and identification