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Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What nematodes are located in the bovids abomasum

A

Haemonchus placei
Ostertagia ostertagi
Trichostrongylus axei

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2
Q

What nematodes are located in bovine SI

A

Cooperia spp
Nematodrius spp
Bunostomum spp

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3
Q

What nematodes are located in the bovids LI

A

Oesophagostomum spp

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4
Q

Parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) is and what does it cause

A

; generic term for disease caused by nematodes in the GI
Predominantly a disease of young animals
Clinical disease is only the tip of the iceberg
Subclinical disease causes major production loss
Control has dependent on regular use of broad spectrum anthelmintics
Anthelmintic resistance is a growing problem

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5
Q

Economic burden of cattle caused by GI nematodes

A

Cost of parasitic nematodes to US cattle industry is >2 billion/year
Clinical disease
Subclinical production loss
Incredibly important to the animal pharmaceutical industry

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6
Q

What is the pathogenesis of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle

A

Reduced feed and utilisation, growth and production
Increased loss of protein into gut
Blood loss anemia (haemonchosis in sheep)
If clinical effects: diarrhoea and failure to thrive

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7
Q

Who is effected worse with PGE

A

Effects greater in
Young animals
Poorly fed animals
Animals with concurrent disease

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8
Q

Trichostrongylus life cycel

A

Most important nematodes in grazing ruminants all small worms (5-10mm long)
Direct life cycle
L3 is infective (hatched from egg)
PPP~ 3 weeks,, translation ~1 week (ideal conditions)
Eggs all look the same (except nematodirus)

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9
Q

What is hypobiosis

A

a developmental adaptation that allows parasitic nematodes to survive in their host for long periods of time

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10
Q

What cattle nematode performs hypobiosis

A

Ostertagia/Trichostrongylus will hibernate in the winter inside the stomach

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11
Q

Type I ostertagiasis is and what are the effects

A

Summer ostertagiasis
Grazing calves
High burdens of larvae in glands
Bright green watery diarrhea
Weight loss
Onset may be gradual
Morbidity is high
Mortality is low
FEC may be high

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12
Q

Type II ostertagiasis is and what are the effects

A

Winter ostertagiasis
Yearlings
Inhibited larvae emerge at once
Depression, weight loss, anorexia
Hypoalbuminemia and submandibular oedema
Sudden onset
Morbidity is low
Mortality is high
FEC may be 0 or low

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13
Q

trichostrongylus- Cooperia spp is common where and causes what

A

Common in temperate regions
Contributes to PGE as part of mixed infection
Sometimes the predominant parasite
May see inappetence and reduced weight gains
Generally the dose limiting parasite
Most resistant to GIN in cattle to NA

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14
Q

Where is Cooperia spp located

A

Cattle small intestine

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15
Q

Where is nematodirus spp located

A

Cattle small intestine

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16
Q

trichostrongylus- Nematodirus spp is common in what bovids/how do they become infected

A

Develop to L3 inside egg
Eggs can be overwinter on pasture
Cattle >6 months of age resistant
Can cause acute diarrhoea in calves

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17
Q

Life cycle of strongyloides papillosus

A

Larvated eggs are in feces
Develop into l1-l3 in environment
L3 can penetrate the skin
or cattle can ingest free living adults
PPP is 10 days
L3 can be located within colostrum

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18
Q

trichuris spp- whipworm life cycle

A

Direct life cycle- larvated egg infectious
PPP is 4-6 weeks

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19
Q

Parasitic nematodes of ruminants basic epidemiology

A

Infection thru ingestion of infective stages from pasture
Possible sources of springtime pasture contamination
Overwintered eggs or larvae (esp. Nematodirus) on pasture
Infected cows returning to pasture (even if treated in fall)
Reactivation of hypobiotic larvae from infected adult cows
Peak pasture contamination and transmission: second half of grazing season (as more animals become infected the pasture becomes more contaminated and then more animals become infected)
Outcome of infected largely dependent on immune status

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20
Q

How do you diagnose GI nematodes in cattle

A

History- age, season, management (pasture systems, beef, dairy)
c/s
- Anorexia
- Diarrhea
- Weight loss
- May have no obvious signs
Fecal examination
- Fecal egg counts on a herd basis (not individual animals)
- Qualitative or quantitative
- Centrifugal best
Fecal culture and molecular approaches

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21
Q

How would you manage GI nematodes in cattle

A

Treat and quarantine new stock - prevent introduction
Good husbandry; good nutrition and prevent concurrent disease
Pasture management (avoid overgrazing)

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22
Q

How do you give anthelmintics to cattle

A

Long acting anthelmintics, rumen boluses, residual effects

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23
Q

What are the common strategic treatments for cattle

A

Give spring (turnout) treatment to head off pasture contamination
Treat young animals in first grazing season 6-8 weeks later
Give fall treatment to get arrested larvae

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24
Q

What is the lungworm in cattle

A

Dictyocaulus viviparous

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25
Can you see D.viviparus in feces
Yes, they will eventually poop it out
26
Life cycle of dictyocaulus viviparus in cattle
PPP 3-4 weeks Transmitted on pasture First stage larvae in feces matures to L3 in pasture Translation period is 5 deals in ideal conditions Grow ideally in wet pastures Eaten by cow Tracheal migration to lungs
27
Signs of Dictyocaulus viviparous in cattle
Can be subclinical If clinical, usually calves or previously unexposed cows on wet pasture Coughing (“husk”), dyspnea, sawhorse stance Bronchopneumonia Morbidity and mortality can be high
28
What are the diagnostic tests for Dictyocaulus viviparous in cattle
Post mortem on lung tissue Fecal examination
29
How do you control Dictyocaulus viviparous in cattle herds
Vaccine (irradiated L3) used in Europe, given to calves before first turn out Anthelmintics: given at midpoint of first grazing season
30
What are common skin nematodes in cattle
Stephanofilaria stilesi Superfamily filarioidea
31
What is the lifecycle of Stephanofilaria stilesi in cattle
PPP: 6-8 weeks L1-3 on horn fly Hornfly transmits the L3 on the cows stomach Introduced L3 develop to adults in hair follicles Microfilariae(L1) in dermis Transmitted onto hornfly Development in IH is 3 weeks
32
Stephanofilaria stilesi is seen where in Canada and how to diagnose
Present in western canada Diagnosis: microfilariae in skin biopsy
33
Treatment of Stephanofilaria stilesi for cattle
Anthelmintic to kill the microfilaria and resolve skin lesions within 2-3 weeks Adult resist tx and may survive for years
34
What are the intestinal cestodes in cattle and what do they look like
Moniezia benedenia No restellum or hooks Wider than long
35
Intestinal cestodes in cattle and sheep are and what do they look like
Thysanosoma spp In bile and pancreatic ducts No rostellum or hooks Scolex has 4 suckers Fringes along the segments
36
Life cycle of Moniezia spp and Thysansoma spp
PPP 6 weeks Eggs are in feces these are immediately infective Free living mite is the IH infected with a cysticercoids Development in mite IH takes 1-4 months
37
What are the common liver flukes in cattle
Fasciola hepatica Fascioloides magna (giant liver fluke) Dicrocoelium dendriticum
38
Fasciola hepatica is located where in Canada and what does it look like
Globally the most important trematode of livestock But rare to non existent in western Canada Grey-brown leaf shaped fluke primarily in bile ducts Can infect many species – cattle, sheep, goats, deer, horses, pigs, zoonotic Infection occurs only when there is suitable aquatic snail habitat
39
Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica
PPP 10-12 weeks Eggs in feces mature to miracidium Miracidium penetrates the skin of snail Asexual reproduction within IH Cercariea is produced Ingest Metacercaria on vegetation
40
Where is F.hepatica located in the cow
Adult flukes feed in bile ducts Anemia, hypoalbuminemia, cholangitis
41
What are the symptoms of F.hepatica
Progressive loss of condition Emaciation Pale mm Submandibular edema Ascites
42
Chronic fasciolosis look like what in cattle
Generally subclinical Reduced growth and fertility problems
43
How to diagnose F.hepatica
Post mortem- cholangitis, calcified bile ducts–”pipestem” liver Use a fecal sedimentation to diagnose
44
Fascioloides magna is common where in canada
Relatively common in western Canada in cervids- deer, elk, caribou Spill over to domestic livestock
45
What does F.magna look like in cattle
Cattle (and moose) are dead end hosts Flukes walled off in liver parenchyma No eggs shed, no c/s Diagnosis at packing plant (no eggs in feces)
46
What deos F.magna do to sheep
Sheep also dead end hosts, but more severe damage- even death
47
How do you control F.magna
Control is difficult– wildlife reservoir
48
Life cycle of F.magna
Eggs in cervid feces Miracidium penetrates skin of snail Asexual reproduction in IH Development outside mammalian host is 6-8 weeks Cercariae Ingestion of Metacercaria
49
Dicrocoelium dendriticum look like and are common in
Small fluke which lives in bile ducts Cattle, sheep, deer, rabbits, gophers (people) Worldwide Cypress hills (AB and SK) Captain higgins or the “crazy ant fluke”
50
Dicrocoelium dendriticum life cycle
Excreted in cow dung Cow eats feces Drills into digestive tract and matures Cow passes slime balls which contain the L3 larvae Ants drink these slime balls Trematode migrates to the ants “brain” Controls ant Using the ant during the night to clamp onto blades of grass Gets eaten by cow Migrates to liver to finish lifecycle
51
Diagnosis of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Sedimentation or high density zinc sulfate flotation
52
PPP of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
8 weeks
53
How do you control flukes in cattle
Seldom necessary in western Canada In problem herds (herd level diagnosis ), prevention Avoid known contaminated pastures Avoid spraying liquid manure from the infected herds near water Prevent livestock access to wetlands (snail habitat), cervid access to pastures Control involves Treatment of all exposed ruminants on farm
54
Surface mites of cattle
Chorioptes sp Psoroptes sp
55
Burrowing mites of cattle
Sarcoptes sp
56
Chorioptes mites are common when
Common in winter in canada
57
Signs of Chorioptes mites in cattle
Tail, head, escutcheon, coronary bands Alopecia, oozing, crusting, +/- ulcers
58
How do you diagnose mites in cattle
Skin scrapings Deep skin scraping for burrowing mites
59
Psoroptes are common in cattle where and c/s
Very, very rare in canada Typically in winter in europe Severe generalised pruritus
60
Is cattle sarcoptes zoonotic and is it common
Cattle specific, highly contagious within cattle Only occasionally observed in canada
61
What is the main symptoms in cattle with sarcoptyes
Hair loss Severe pruritus Thickened skin
62
What are the hard ticks common on cattle
Dermacentor variabilis (american dog tick) Dermacentor andersoni (rocky mountain wood tick) Dermacentor albipiticus (moose tick)
63
Dermacentor variabilis (american dog tick) is seen when in cattle
3 host Sk and east Adult on cattle in may-june
64
Dermacentor andersoni (rocky mountain wood tick) is seen when and where in cattle
3 host West of sk mainly BC Adults on cattle in spring
65
Dermacentor andersoni (rocky mountain wood tick) causes what in cattle
Toxin from adult females associated with tick paralysis Transmits anaplasma marginale among cattle
66
Dermacentor albipiticus (moose tick) is common where and when
1 host Anywhere you have cervids Especially moose All stages on one host Seen on cow Fed-march Adults lay eggs in March-april Nymph on cattle in Sept-nov
67
how do you diagnose ticks in cattle
Direct observation/clinical appearance/season of the year Easily identify to genus level (be on the lookout for invasives!)
68
How do you treat and control ticks on cattle
Generally not managed (unless paralysis) Management: fence cervids out, don't graze known tick habitat in spring (D. andersoni) or fall (D.albipictus)
69
What is he chewing lice of cattle
Damalinia (bovicola) bovis
70
What are cattle sucking lice
Haematopinus eurysternus Linognathus vituli Solenopotes capillatus
71
How do you diagnose lice on cattle
History and clinical appearance Finding lice and nits Most commonly seen in the winter Often asymptomatic (carriers) Hair loss, irritation, pruritus, anemia Nits on base of hair, recovery and id of adult lice
72
Treatment of lice for cattle
Variety of drugs available Chewing and sucking lice Residual effects often mean retreatment not necessary Highly contagious (treat all in herd)
73
What are flies common on cattle
Bot flies (obligate myiasis flies) Hypoderma bovis, H.lineatum (warbles, cattle grubs)
74
Basic life cycle of bot flies
adults in environment eggs on host larvae in host pupae in environment life cycle complete in approx 1 year
75
Life cycle of hypoderma bovis
L3 in environment Pupae in environment picked up by fly eggs on cattle hairs l1 in skin migrate through wall of esophagus l1-l3 grow in cattles back L3 exits through skin in spring
76
Diagnosis and control of Hypoderma bovis and H.lineatum
Diagnosis– detection of L3 on dorsum or at necropsy– serology during winter (and only rarely seen theses days because of highly effective treatments) Targeted systematic treatment (whole herd) in fall with ML Legislated control programs and effective treatments have reduced the occurrence of hypoderma spp. In western canada and elsewhere in the world If vigilance is relaxed or less efficacious products are used these parasites would once again become an issue
77
Blood feeding flies on cattle
Simulium spp. (black fly) Haematobia irritans (horn fly)
78
Secretion feeding flies of cattle are
Musca autumnalis (face fly)
79
Simulium spp. Blackfly life cycle
Adults mate Females lay eggs in fast flowing water Larvae hatch and attach to rock and vegetation Larvae pupate Pupae hatch to release adult flies, which float to surface in an air bubble Blood feed (adult females)
80
Pathogenesis and control of Simulium
Blood feeding and nasty bites by females, attack in swarms Allergic reactions, severe pruritus– even anaphylaxis and death Vectors for several important pathogens (Onchocerca spp.) Several insecticides approved in canada for black fly control Biological larvicides (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis – Bti) or their toxins
81
Pathogenesis of biting flies in cattle
Harassment (common) Anemia (rare) dermatitis/local infection Hypersensitivity Pathogen transmission
82
Control of biting flies in cattle
Management Site selection for grazing vs manure piles Eliminate arthropod breeding sites (water) Larvicidal treatments of environment (chemical and biological) Topical repellents and insecticides: sprays, wipes, powders, ear tags, back rubbers, (malathion, pyrethroids, permethrin…) Pesticides, do not use off label Horn flies resistant to organophosphates and pyrethroids Wound care to prevent myiasis
83
Flagellates protozoa of cattle
Tritrichomonas foetus Trophozoites No free living or cyst stage Cattle and cat strains differ genetically
84
Transmission Trichomonas foetus
The parasite lives in the genital mucosa Sexually transmitted Mostly natural service (pastured animals, but survives AI)
85
What do you do with bulls infected with trichomonas foetus
Asymptomatic carriers (primary reservoir in herd) Infected for life- crypts of the purpose epithelium (therefore culled +ve)
86
What do you do with cows infected with trichomonas foetus and what does it look like
Early embryo death in the first few months of gestation Most clear infection and cycle again; some may stay infected and remain carriers Reinfection is possible
87
Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle
Epidemiological clues: 50-80% open cows in newly infected herds Gradual lengthening of the calving interval (age spread of calves) Cows: organism seen in cervical mucous, uterine fluids from aborting cows Abortus: organism can be observed in stomach fluid Bulls -Preputial scrapings (or washes) -Repeated sampling (3 tests at weekly intervals) Culture and PCR or direct PCR
88
Why is a PCR better to do for trichomonas foetus
-Higher sensitivity than culter alone Higher specificity: differentiates from other trichomonads, rumen contaminants and free living organisms Do not freeze samples
89
Control of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle
Test and quarantine new animals to herd Make sure cows are successfully calved last season Test an cull bulls (no treatment once infected) Use only young bulls (<4 years old) on pastures, or use AI from reliable sources Cows: do not breed for at least 3 months, or cull (carriers?) No effective treatment or vaccine Annually notifiable to OIE, provincially notifiable in AB
90
Giardia is how common in cattle and c/s
30% prevalence in calves Often asymptomatic, can cause acute, intermittent, or chronic diarrhoea
91
How to diagnose giardia in cattle
Daily fecal samples over 3 days Direct smear, zinc sulphate flotation, fecal antigen/PCR
92
How do we manage giardia in cattle
Fenbendazole (10-20 mg/kg per os for 3d) Address contaminated environment
93
Apicomplexa is and common in
Intestinal, direct life cycle - Eimeria spp– coccidiosis - Cryptosporidium Tissue cyst forming, indirect life cycle - Sarcocystis - Neospora
94
Life cycle: Emiria species
Unsporulated oocysts in feces Sporulation in enviro Sporulated oocysts with 8 sporozoites in 4 sporocysts are eaten Merogony and gametogony in enterocytes PPP 2-3 weeks
95
Eimeria spp causes what in cattle
Coccidiosis 12 species found in cattle Infection is much more common than diseases 2 clinical syndromes Ordinary, winter/nervous
96
What are the significant species of Eimeria spp
Only 2 significant species Eimeria zuernii E.bovis
97
“Ordinary” coccidiosis in cattle is
Probably infected from cows, who excrete oocysts around calving Young animals (2-6 mos) any time of year Most common when other stressors are present– crowding, weaning etc. Severity linked to intensity (can be really high numbers of oocytes) High morbidity, low mortality Reasonably good immunity develops
98
Clinical signs of ordinary coccidiosis in cattle is
Diarrhea +/- blood Tenesmus Dehydration Weakness Loss of appetite and condition
99
Winter and nervous coccidiosis in cattle is
Associated with a stretch of extreme cold weather or cold snap Often other stressors; weaning, shift from pasture to feedlot, transport, crowding Often no oocysts in feces Clinica signs as per usual, but more severe Nervous signs (eg, muscular tremors, hyperesthesia, convulsions with ventroflexion of the head and neck, nystagmus) associated with high mortality rate (80-90%)
100
How to diagnose coccidiosis
Clinical appearance Number of oocysts (size and shape for species) in fecal flotation
101
How to control coccidiosis in cattle
Spread via fecal contamination of feed, water, coats, fomites Isolate calves with diarrhea if possible Treatment– all exposed calves, ideally as early as possible Toltrazuril, ponazuril (coccidiocidal) Supportive therapy Prevention: ionophores in feed
102
Cryptosporidium species have what type of life cycel
Intestinal coccidia Direct life cycle
103
What is the life cycle of cryptosporidium
PPP 4-6 days Shed for 1-2 weeks Oocytes immediately infective when they leave the host
104
Pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium spp
Calves <3 mos old most commonly infected Important cause of neonatal diarrhoea Millions of oocysts/g of feces Oocysts immediately infective, highly resist and viable for months in water Malabsorptive diarrhea, yellow pasty and profuse +/- anorexia, dehydration, acidosis, fever, depression; can be fatal; Concurrent infections common – rotavirus, coronavirus, E.coli
105
Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium in calves
Multiple fecal samples 3 samples over 2-3 day intervals Diagnostic test options Fecal flotation (tiny and pink) Acid fast staining (histopathology, fecal smear) Immunofluorescence assay (IFA)(cyst antigen)- test of choice to order from diagnosis lab
106
How to control cryptosporidium in calves
Zoonotic risk from calves to people (and vice versa) Sanitation: steam clean, desiccation, disinfectants (cresols, phenols, sodium hypochlorite) Supportive care (hydration, ensure colostrum)
107
Neospora caninum have what type of life cycle
Tissue cysts ID life cycle
108
Outcomes of Neospora infection in pregnant cattle
Abortion or stillbirth (generally mid gestation) Or infected but clinically normal calf (infection in 3rd trimester) Or infected calf with neurological signs (2-7 months of gestation) Underweight and unable to stand, flexed or hyper-extended limbs, lack of coordination, decreased reflexes and sensory perception Or uninfected calf (rare) Neospora may also have any of these effects in subsequent pregnancies
109
Diagnosis of Neospora in cattle
Clinical and epidemiological appearance (abortions) Serology: ELISA titres in aborting vs non aborting cows Abortus (CNS, muscle): histology and IHC; PCR
110
What is the control of neospora in cattle
Do not allow dogs to eat aborted fetus, dead cattle, or raw meat Keep cattle feed and water away from wild canids and dogs Do not breed seropositive cattle (cull)
111

Parisitology (12 decks)

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