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Parisitology > Cattle > Flashcards

Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What nematodes are located in the bovids abomasum

A

Haemonchus placei
Ostertagia ostertagi
Trichostrongylus axei

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2
Q

What nematodes are located in bovine SI

A

Cooperia spp
Nematodrius spp
Bunostomum spp

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3
Q

What nematodes are located in the bovids LI

A

Oesophagostomum spp

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4
Q

Parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) is and what does it cause

A

; generic term for disease caused by nematodes in the GI
Predominantly a disease of young animals
Clinical disease is only the tip of the iceberg
Subclinical disease causes major production loss
Control has dependent on regular use of broad spectrum anthelmintics
Anthelmintic resistance is a growing problem

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5
Q

Economic burden of cattle caused by GI nematodes

A

Cost of parasitic nematodes to US cattle industry is >2 billion/year
Clinical disease
Subclinical production loss
Incredibly important to the animal pharmaceutical industry

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6
Q

What is the pathogenesis of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle

A

Reduced feed and utilisation, growth and production
Increased loss of protein into gut
Blood loss anemia (haemonchosis in sheep)
If clinical effects: diarrhoea and failure to thrive

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7
Q

Who is effected worse with PGE

A

Effects greater in
Young animals
Poorly fed animals
Animals with concurrent disease

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8
Q

Trichostrongylus life cycel

A

Most important nematodes in grazing ruminants all small worms (5-10mm long)
Direct life cycle
L3 is infective (hatched from egg)
PPP~ 3 weeks,, translation ~1 week (ideal conditions)
Eggs all look the same (except nematodirus)

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9
Q

What is hypobiosis

A

a developmental adaptation that allows parasitic nematodes to survive in their host for long periods of time

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10
Q

What cattle nematode performs hypobiosis

A

Ostertagia/Trichostrongylus will hibernate in the winter inside the stomach

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11
Q

Type I ostertagiasis is and what are the effects

A

Summer ostertagiasis
Grazing calves
High burdens of larvae in glands
Bright green watery diarrhea
Weight loss
Onset may be gradual
Morbidity is high
Mortality is low
FEC may be high

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12
Q

Type II ostertagiasis is and what are the effects

A

Winter ostertagiasis
Yearlings
Inhibited larvae emerge at once
Depression, weight loss, anorexia
Hypoalbuminemia and submandibular oedema
Sudden onset
Morbidity is low
Mortality is high
FEC may be 0 or low

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13
Q

trichostrongylus- Cooperia spp is common where and causes what

A

Common in temperate regions
Contributes to PGE as part of mixed infection
Sometimes the predominant parasite
May see inappetence and reduced weight gains
Generally the dose limiting parasite
Most resistant to GIN in cattle to NA

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14
Q

Where is Cooperia spp located

A

Cattle small intestine

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15
Q

Where is nematodirus spp located

A

Cattle small intestine

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16
Q

trichostrongylus- Nematodirus spp is common in what bovids/how do they become infected

A

Develop to L3 inside egg
Eggs can be overwinter on pasture
Cattle >6 months of age resistant
Can cause acute diarrhoea in calves

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17
Q

Life cycle of strongyloides papillosus

A

Larvated eggs are in feces
Develop into l1-l3 in environment
L3 can penetrate the skin
or cattle can ingest free living adults
PPP is 10 days
L3 can be located within colostrum

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18
Q

trichuris spp- whipworm life cycle

A

Direct life cycle- larvated egg infectious
PPP is 4-6 weeks

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19
Q

Parasitic nematodes of ruminants basic epidemiology

A

Infection thru ingestion of infective stages from pasture
Possible sources of springtime pasture contamination
Overwintered eggs or larvae (esp. Nematodirus) on pasture
Infected cows returning to pasture (even if treated in fall)
Reactivation of hypobiotic larvae from infected adult cows
Peak pasture contamination and transmission: second half of grazing season (as more animals become infected the pasture becomes more contaminated and then more animals become infected)
Outcome of infected largely dependent on immune status

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20
Q

How do you diagnose GI nematodes in cattle

A

History- age, season, management (pasture systems, beef, dairy)
c/s
- Anorexia
- Diarrhea
- Weight loss
- May have no obvious signs
Fecal examination
- Fecal egg counts on a herd basis (not individual animals)
- Qualitative or quantitative
- Centrifugal best
Fecal culture and molecular approaches

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21
Q

How would you manage GI nematodes in cattle

A

Treat and quarantine new stock - prevent introduction
Good husbandry; good nutrition and prevent concurrent disease
Pasture management (avoid overgrazing)

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22
Q

How do you give anthelmintics to cattle

A

Long acting anthelmintics, rumen boluses, residual effects

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23
Q

What are the common strategic treatments for cattle

A

Give spring (turnout) treatment to head off pasture contamination
Treat young animals in first grazing season 6-8 weeks later
Give fall treatment to get arrested larvae

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24
Q

What is the lungworm in cattle

A

Dictyocaulus viviparous

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25
Q

Can you see D.viviparus in feces

A

Yes, they will eventually poop it out

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26
Q

Life cycle of dictyocaulus viviparus in cattle

A

PPP 3-4 weeks
Transmitted on pasture
First stage larvae in feces matures to L3 in pasture
Translation period is 5 deals in ideal conditions
Grow ideally in wet pastures
Eaten by cow
Tracheal migration to lungs

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27
Q

Signs of Dictyocaulus viviparous in cattle

A

Can be subclinical
If clinical, usually calves or previously unexposed cows on wet pasture
Coughing (“husk”), dyspnea, sawhorse stance
Bronchopneumonia
Morbidity and mortality can be high

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28
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for Dictyocaulus viviparous in cattle

A

Post mortem on lung tissue
Fecal examination

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29
Q

How do you control Dictyocaulus viviparous in cattle herds

A

Vaccine (irradiated L3) used in Europe, given to calves before first turn out
Anthelmintics: given at midpoint of first grazing season

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30
Q

What are common skin nematodes in cattle

A

Stephanofilaria stilesi
Superfamily filarioidea

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31
Q

What is the lifecycle of Stephanofilaria stilesi in cattle

A

PPP: 6-8 weeks
L1-3 on horn fly
Hornfly transmits the L3 on the cows stomach
Introduced L3 develop to adults in hair follicles
Microfilariae(L1) in dermis
Transmitted onto hornfly
Development in IH is 3 weeks

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32
Q

Stephanofilaria stilesi is seen where in Canada and how to diagnose

A

Present in western canada
Diagnosis: microfilariae in skin biopsy

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33
Q

Treatment of Stephanofilaria stilesi for cattle

A

Anthelmintic to kill the microfilaria and resolve skin lesions within 2-3 weeks
Adult resist tx and may survive for years

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34
Q

What are the intestinal cestodes in cattle and what do they look like

A

Moniezia benedenia
No restellum or hooks
Wider than long

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35
Q

Intestinal cestodes in cattle and sheep are and what do they look like

A

Thysanosoma spp
In bile and pancreatic ducts
No rostellum or hooks
Scolex has 4 suckers
Fringes along the segments

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36
Q

Life cycle of Moniezia spp and Thysansoma spp

A

PPP 6 weeks
Eggs are in feces
these are immediately infective
Free living mite is the IH infected with a cysticercoids
Development in mite IH takes 1-4 months

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37
Q

What are the common liver flukes in cattle

A

Fasciola hepatica
Fascioloides magna (giant liver fluke)
Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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38
Q

Fasciola hepatica is located where in Canada and what does it look like

A

Globally the most important trematode of livestock
But rare to non existent in western Canada
Grey-brown leaf shaped fluke primarily in bile ducts
Can infect many species – cattle, sheep, goats, deer, horses, pigs, zoonotic
Infection occurs only when there is suitable aquatic snail habitat

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39
Q

Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica

A

PPP 10-12 weeks
Eggs in feces mature to miracidium
Miracidium penetrates the skin of snail
Asexual reproduction within IH
Cercariea is produced
Ingest Metacercaria on vegetation

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40
Q

Where is F.hepatica located in the cow

A

Adult flukes feed in bile ducts
Anemia, hypoalbuminemia, cholangitis

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41
Q

What are the symptoms of F.hepatica

A

Progressive loss of condition
Emaciation
Pale mm
Submandibular edema
Ascites

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42
Q

Chronic fasciolosis look like what in cattle

A

Generally subclinical
Reduced growth and fertility problems

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43
Q

How to diagnose F.hepatica

A

Post mortem- cholangitis, calcified bile ducts–”pipestem” liver
Use a fecal sedimentation to diagnose

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44
Q

Fascioloides magna is common where in canada

A

Relatively common in western Canada in cervids- deer, elk, caribou
Spill over to domestic livestock

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45
Q

What does F.magna look like in cattle

A

Cattle (and moose) are dead end hosts
Flukes walled off in liver parenchyma
No eggs shed, no c/s
Diagnosis at packing plant (no eggs in feces)

46
Q

What deos F.magna do to sheep

A

Sheep also dead end hosts, but more severe damage- even death

47
Q

How do you control F.magna

A

Control is difficult– wildlife reservoir

48
Q

Life cycle of F.magna

A

Eggs in cervid feces
Miracidium penetrates skin of snail
Asexual reproduction in IH
Development outside mammalian host is 6-8 weeks
Cercariae
Ingestion of Metacercaria

49
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum look like and are common in

A

Small fluke which lives in bile ducts
Cattle, sheep, deer, rabbits, gophers (people)
Worldwide
Cypress hills (AB and SK)
Captain higgins or the “crazy ant fluke”

50
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum life cycle

A

Excreted in cow dung
Cow eats feces
Drills into digestive tract and matures
Cow passes slime balls which contain the L3 larvae
Ants drink these slime balls
Trematode migrates to the ants “brain”
Controls ant
Using the ant during the night to clamp onto blades of grass
Gets eaten by cow
Migrates to liver to finish lifecycle

51
Q

Diagnosis of Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

Sedimentation or high density zinc sulfate flotation

52
Q

PPP of Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

8 weeks

53
Q

How do you control flukes in cattle

A

Seldom necessary in western Canada
In problem herds (herd level diagnosis ), prevention
Avoid known contaminated pastures
Avoid spraying liquid manure from the infected herds near water
Prevent livestock access to wetlands (snail habitat), cervid access to pastures
Control involves
Treatment of all exposed ruminants on farm

54
Q

Surface mites of cattle

A

Chorioptes sp
Psoroptes sp

55
Q

Burrowing mites of cattle

A

Sarcoptes sp

56
Q

Chorioptes mites are common when

A

Common in winter in canada

57
Q

Signs of Chorioptes mites in cattle

A

Tail, head, escutcheon, coronary bands
Alopecia, oozing, crusting, +/- ulcers

58
Q

How do you diagnose mites in cattle

A

Skin scrapings
Deep skin scraping for burrowing mites

59
Q

Psoroptes are common in cattle where and c/s

A

Very, very rare in canada
Typically in winter in europe
Severe generalised pruritus

60
Q

Is cattle sarcoptes zoonotic and is it common

A

Cattle specific, highly contagious within cattle
Only occasionally observed in canada

61
Q

What is the main symptoms in cattle with sarcoptyes

A

Hair loss
Severe pruritus
Thickened skin

62
Q

What are the hard ticks common on cattle

A

Dermacentor variabilis (american dog tick)
Dermacentor andersoni (rocky mountain wood tick)
Dermacentor albipiticus (moose tick)

63
Q

Dermacentor variabilis (american dog tick) is seen when in cattle

A

3 host
Sk and east
Adult on cattle in may-june

64
Q

Dermacentor andersoni (rocky mountain wood tick) is seen when and where in cattle

A

3 host
West of sk mainly BC
Adults on cattle in spring

65
Q

Dermacentor andersoni (rocky mountain wood tick) causes what in cattle

A

Toxin from adult females associated with tick paralysis
Transmits anaplasma marginale among cattle

66
Q

Dermacentor albipiticus (moose tick) is common where and when

A

1 host
Anywhere you have cervids
Especially moose
All stages on one host
Seen on cow Fed-march
Adults lay eggs in March-april
Nymph on cattle in Sept-nov

67
Q

how do you diagnose ticks in cattle

A

Direct observation/clinical appearance/season of the year
Easily identify to genus level (be on the lookout for invasives!)

68
Q

How do you treat and control ticks on cattle

A

Generally not managed (unless paralysis)
Management: fence cervids out, don’t graze known tick habitat in spring (D. andersoni) or fall (D.albipictus)

69
Q

What is he chewing lice of cattle

A

Damalinia (bovicola) bovis

70
Q

What are cattle sucking lice

A

Haematopinus eurysternus
Linognathus vituli
Solenopotes capillatus

71
Q

How do you diagnose lice on cattle

A

History and clinical appearance
Finding lice and nits
Most commonly seen in the winter
Often asymptomatic (carriers)
Hair loss, irritation, pruritus, anemia
Nits on base of hair, recovery and id of adult lice

72
Q

Treatment of lice for cattle

A

Variety of drugs available
Chewing and sucking lice
Residual effects often mean retreatment not necessary
Highly contagious (treat all in herd)

73
Q

What are flies common on cattle

A

Bot flies (obligate myiasis flies)
Hypoderma bovis, H.lineatum (warbles, cattle grubs)

74
Q

Basic life cycle of bot flies

A

adults in environment
eggs on host
larvae in host
pupae in environment
life cycle complete in approx 1 year

75
Q

Life cycle of hypoderma bovis

A

L3 in environment
Pupae in environment picked up by fly
eggs on cattle hairs
l1 in skin
migrate through wall of esophagus
l1-l3 grow in cattles back
L3 exits through skin in spring

76
Q

Diagnosis and control of Hypoderma bovis and H.lineatum

A

Diagnosis– detection of L3 on dorsum or at necropsy– serology during winter (and only rarely seen theses days because of highly effective treatments)
Targeted systematic treatment (whole herd) in fall with ML
Legislated control programs and effective treatments have reduced the occurrence of hypoderma spp. In western canada and elsewhere in the world
If vigilance is relaxed or less efficacious products are used these parasites would once again become an issue

77
Q

Blood feeding flies on cattle

A

Simulium spp. (black fly)
Haematobia irritans (horn fly)

78
Q

Secretion feeding flies of cattle are

A

Musca autumnalis (face fly)

79
Q

Simulium spp. Blackfly life cycle

A

Adults mate
Females lay eggs in fast flowing water
Larvae hatch and attach to rock and vegetation
Larvae pupate
Pupae hatch to release adult flies, which float to surface in an air bubble
Blood feed (adult females)

80
Q

Pathogenesis and control of Simulium

A

Blood feeding and nasty bites by females, attack in swarms
Allergic reactions, severe pruritus– even anaphylaxis and death
Vectors for several important pathogens (Onchocerca spp.)
Several insecticides approved in canada for black fly control
Biological larvicides (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis – Bti) or their toxins

81
Q

Pathogenesis of biting flies in cattle

A

Harassment (common)
Anemia (rare)
dermatitis/local infection
Hypersensitivity
Pathogen transmission

82
Q

Control of biting flies in cattle

A

Management
Site selection for grazing vs manure piles
Eliminate arthropod breeding sites (water)
Larvicidal treatments of environment (chemical and biological)
Topical repellents and insecticides: sprays, wipes, powders, ear tags, back rubbers, (malathion, pyrethroids, permethrin…)
Pesticides, do not use off label
Horn flies resistant to organophosphates and pyrethroids
Wound care to prevent myiasis

83
Q

Flagellates protozoa of cattle

A

Tritrichomonas foetus
Trophozoites
No free living or cyst stage
Cattle and cat strains differ genetically

84
Q

Transmission Trichomonas foetus

A

The parasite lives in the genital mucosa
Sexually transmitted
Mostly natural service (pastured animals, but survives AI)

85
Q

What do you do with bulls infected with trichomonas foetus

A

Asymptomatic carriers (primary reservoir in herd)
Infected for life- crypts of the purpose epithelium (therefore culled +ve)

86
Q

What do you do with cows infected with trichomonas foetus and what does it look like

A

Early embryo death in the first few months of gestation
Most clear infection and cycle again; some may stay infected and remain carriers
Reinfection is possible

87
Q

Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle

A

Epidemiological clues: 50-80% open cows in newly infected herds
Gradual lengthening of the calving interval (age spread of calves)
Cows: organism seen in cervical mucous, uterine fluids from aborting cows
Abortus: organism can be observed in stomach fluid
Bulls
-Preputial scrapings (or washes)
-Repeated sampling (3 tests at weekly intervals)
Culture and PCR or direct PCR

88
Q

Why is a PCR better to do for trichomonas foetus

A

-Higher sensitivity than culter alone
Higher specificity: differentiates from other trichomonads, rumen contaminants and free living organisms
Do not freeze samples

89
Q

Control of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle

A

Test and quarantine new animals to herd
Make sure cows are successfully calved last season
Test an cull bulls (no treatment once infected)
Use only young bulls (<4 years old) on pastures, or use AI from reliable sources
Cows: do not breed for at least 3 months, or cull (carriers?)
No effective treatment or vaccine
Annually notifiable to OIE, provincially notifiable in AB

90
Q

Giardia is how common in cattle and c/s

A

30% prevalence in calves
Often asymptomatic, can cause acute, intermittent, or chronic diarrhoea

91
Q

How to diagnose giardia in cattle

A

Daily fecal samples over 3 days
Direct smear, zinc sulphate flotation, fecal antigen/PCR

92
Q

How do we manage giardia in cattle

A

Fenbendazole (10-20 mg/kg per os for 3d)
Address contaminated environment

93
Q

Apicomplexa is and common in

A

Intestinal, direct life cycle
- Eimeria spp– coccidiosis
- Cryptosporidium
Tissue cyst forming, indirect life cycle
- Sarcocystis
- Neospora

94
Q

Life cycle: Emiria species

A

Unsporulated oocysts in feces
Sporulation in enviro
Sporulated oocysts with 8 sporozoites in 4 sporocysts are eaten
Merogony and gametogony in enterocytes
PPP 2-3 weeks

95
Q

Eimeria spp causes what in cattle

A

Coccidiosis
12 species found in cattle
Infection is much more common than diseases
2 clinical syndromes
Ordinary, winter/nervous

96
Q

What are the significant species of Eimeria spp

A

Only 2 significant species
Eimeria zuernii
E.bovis

97
Q

“Ordinary” coccidiosis in cattle is

A

Probably infected from cows, who excrete oocysts around calving
Young animals (2-6 mos) any time of year
Most common when other stressors are present– crowding, weaning etc.
Severity linked to intensity (can be really high numbers of oocytes)
High morbidity, low mortality
Reasonably good immunity develops

98
Q

Clinical signs of ordinary coccidiosis in cattle is

A

Diarrhea +/- blood
Tenesmus
Dehydration
Weakness
Loss of appetite and condition

99
Q

Winter and nervous coccidiosis in cattle is

A

Associated with a stretch of extreme cold weather or cold snap
Often other stressors; weaning, shift from pasture to feedlot, transport, crowding
Often no oocysts in feces
Clinica signs as per usual, but more severe
Nervous signs (eg, muscular tremors, hyperesthesia, convulsions with ventroflexion of the head and neck, nystagmus) associated with high mortality rate (80-90%)

100
Q

How to diagnose coccidiosis

A

Clinical appearance
Number of oocysts (size and shape for species) in fecal flotation

101
Q

How to control coccidiosis in cattle

A

Spread via fecal contamination of feed, water, coats, fomites
Isolate calves with diarrhea if possible
Treatment– all exposed calves, ideally as early as possible
Toltrazuril, ponazuril (coccidiocidal)
Supportive therapy
Prevention: ionophores in feed

102
Q

Cryptosporidium species have what type of life cycel

A

Intestinal coccidia
Direct life cycle

103
Q

What is the life cycle of cryptosporidium

A

PPP 4-6 days
Shed for 1-2 weeks
Oocytes immediately infective when they leave the host

104
Q

Pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium spp

A

Calves <3 mos old most commonly infected
Important cause of neonatal diarrhoea
Millions of oocysts/g of feces
Oocysts immediately infective, highly resist and viable for months in water
Malabsorptive diarrhea, yellow pasty and profuse
+/- anorexia, dehydration, acidosis, fever, depression; can be fatal;
Concurrent infections common – rotavirus, coronavirus, E.coli

105
Q

Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium in calves

A

Multiple fecal samples
3 samples over 2-3 day intervals
Diagnostic test options
Fecal flotation (tiny and pink)
Acid fast staining (histopathology, fecal smear)
Immunofluorescence assay (IFA)(cyst antigen)- test of choice to order from diagnosis lab

106
Q

How to control cryptosporidium in calves

A

Zoonotic risk from calves to people (and vice versa)
Sanitation: steam clean, desiccation, disinfectants (cresols, phenols, sodium hypochlorite)
Supportive care (hydration, ensure colostrum)

107
Q

Neospora caninum have what type of life cycle

A

Tissue cysts
ID life cycle

108
Q

Outcomes of Neospora infection in pregnant cattle

A

Abortion or stillbirth (generally mid gestation)
Or infected but clinically normal calf (infection in 3rd trimester)
Or infected calf with neurological signs (2-7 months of gestation)
Underweight and unable to stand, flexed or hyper-extended limbs, lack of coordination, decreased reflexes and sensory perception
Or uninfected calf (rare)
Neospora may also have any of these effects in subsequent pregnancies

109
Q

Diagnosis of Neospora in cattle

A

Clinical and epidemiological appearance (abortions)
Serology: ELISA titres in aborting vs non aborting cows
Abortus (CNS, muscle): histology and IHC; PCR

110
Q

What is the control of neospora in cattle

A

Do not allow dogs to eat aborted fetus, dead cattle, or raw meat
Keep cattle feed and water away from wild canids and dogs
Do not breed seropositive cattle (cull)

111
Q
A

Parisitology (12 decks)

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