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Parisitology > Cats and dogs GI nematodes > Flashcards

Cats and dogs GI nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Nematodes of dogs and cats

A

Family Ascarididae
Ascarids (large roundworms)
Toxocara canis (large roundworms)- dogs
Toxocara cati(large roundworm)- cats
Toxascaris leonina- dogs and cats
Baylisascaris spp. (racoon roundworm) - dogs

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2
Q

Epidemiology/ecology of T.canis

A

Most common parasite in dogs in canada
Global distribution
Canid definitive hosts (wild too)
Prevalence and intensity highest in young (<6 months)
Eggs survive months to years in enviro
Wide range of vertebrate paratenic hosts
Zoonotic; people are accidental paratenic host
Produce thousands of eggs

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3
Q

Toxocara canis terminology

A

Larvated egg
Hepatotracheal migration
Somatic migration
Transplacental transmission
Transmammary transmission
Paratenic host

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4
Q

Ways to be infected with T.canis

A

Direct form the ground
Through milk
Through placenta
Can have an IH
If a dog is breeding female: hypobiotic somatic larvae activate in late pregnancy, migrate across placenta into fetal liver. After birth, complete hepatic-tracheal migration to develop patent infections. Prenatally infected pups can shed eggs at 2-3 weeks old. *Can infect subsequent litters. Transmammary only occurs if female newly infected in late pregnancy

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5
Q

What is the PPP of T.canis

A

4-5 weeks

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6
Q

Diagnosis of T.canis

A

Fecal flotation, fecal antigen or fecal PCR
Large adult worms in vomit or stool
Eggs in females

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7
Q

C/s of T.canis

A

Generally asymptomatic
Pot belly, poor growth, diarrhea
Respiratory signs
Seizures and death (rare)

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8
Q

Epidemiology /ecology or T.cati

A

Most common parasite in cats in Canada
Global distribution
Prevalence and intensity highest in your young
Wide range of vertebrate paratenic hosts
People MAY be accidental paratenic hosts
Eggs survive months to years in environment cause they are very tough

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9
Q

Common ways to get T.cati

A

direct from environment
IH with L3 in tissue
Larvae in milk

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10
Q

PPP of T.cati

A

Kittens 8 weeks
Adult cats 6 weeks

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11
Q

Diagnosis of T.cati

A

Fecal flotation, fecal antigen, or fecal PCR
Large adult worms in vomit or stool
Eggs in female

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12
Q

How long can T.cati survive in the environemtn

A

2-4 weeks

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13
Q

Clinical signs in kittens with T.cati

A

Often asymptomatic; less severe than T.canis
Pot belly, poor growth and coats, diarrhea
Respiratory signs
Seizures and death (rare)

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14
Q

Epidemiology /ecology of toxascaris leonina

A

Global distribution (including north of 60N)
Canid and felid definitive hosts (wildlife too)
Prevalence and intensity highest in young
Wide range of vertebrate paratenic shots
Not zoonotic
Eggs survive months to years in the environment (*freeze tolerant)

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15
Q

How to get toxascaris leonina

A

direct or by an paratenic host

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16
Q

How long can toxascaris leonina survive in the environment

A

1-4 weeks

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17
Q

PPP of toxascaris leonina

A

8-10 weeks

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18
Q

Toxascaris leonina diagnosis

A

Fecal flotation, fecal antigen, or fecal PCR
Large adult worms in vomit or stool
Eggs in females

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19
Q

c/s of toxascaris leonina

A

Often asymptomatic; less severe than T.canis

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20
Q

Raccoon Roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) is and common in

A

Dogs serve as Definitive host, Paratenic host, and mechanical transport hosts
Migrating larva (larva migrans) in a range of vertebrate Paratenic hosts, including dogs and people
Most commonly dogs act as a transport host for the eggs – ingest racoon feces containing Baylisascaris eggs and then contaminate their own environment
Sometimes truly infected with this nematode – adults living in the gut of the dogs and eggs pass in feces
Sometimes dogs become a paratenic host

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21
Q

Control of gin in dogs and cats: CPEP guidelines

A

Administer anthelmintic treatment at 2,4,6 and 8 weeks of age, followed by monthly preventative to 6 months (can start a bit later for kittens)
Treat nursing females at 2 weeks postpartum (may be patent due to ingestion of stages shed by pup, or reactivation of somatic larvae)
Treat pregnant females off label
Conduct fecal examination 2-4 times during the first year of life and 1-2 times per year in adults
Adults: treat only high risk pets and those with + fecal tests
* macrocyclic lactones, pyrantel, benzimidazoles, emodepside, nitroscanate

22
Q

What is “high risk” for parasites

A

High risk animals
Young (<6 months old)
Highly exposed: dog parks, outdoor access, scavengers, hunters, raw food diets
Highly susceptible (immunocompromised, pregnant, nursing)
Animals in high risk households or occupations
Young, old, pregnant, immunocompromised
Service animals
Clinically ill animals
Test high risk animals at least twice a year
Treat high risk animals at least 3-4 times/year

23
Q

Animal management as a parasite control

A

Regular disposal of feces (before become infective)
Compliance with pooper-scooper laws
Feed pets cooked, canned or dry food
Prevent predatory and scavenging behaviour
Spay females

24
Q

Public health measures for parasite prevention

A

Hand washing
Cover sandboxes
Wear gloves when gardening
Wash or cook vegetables for human consumption
Cook meat to appropriate temp

25
Q

Nematodes of dogs and cats

A

Small intestine
Hookworms
Uncinaria stenocephala– DOGS
Ancylostoma caninum – DOGS (Z)

26
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala (northern hookworm) seen in and control

A

Most common hookworm in dogs in Canada
eggs/larvae not environmentally resistant
Rarely causes pathology or clinical illness
Regular deworming and pick up feces for control
Not known to be zoonotic

27
Q

How to get ucinaria stencephala

A

Direct from enviro of pratenic host with L3

28
Q

PPP and length in environment of Uncinaria stenocephala (northern hookworm)

A

PPP 2-3 weeks
Environment 4-8 days

29
Q

Diagnosis of Uncinaria

A

Based on history (canadian dog)
Fecal floatation- strongyle type egg
Adult nematode identification

30
Q

Epidemiology/ecology of A.Caninum

A

More common in southern USA
Canine definitive hosts
Prevalence and intensity highest in young resistant
Eggs and larvae are not environmentally resistant
Not cold tolerant
Thrive in warm, humid, unsanitary kennel
Zoonotic- people are aberrant definitive hosts

31
Q

PPP of A. caninum

A

2-3 weeks

32
Q

How to get A.caninum

A

Transmamary- on infection of the dam can infect 3 litters
Paretenic host
direct
though skin

33
Q

Clinical syndromes in dogs with A. caninum

A

Per-acute: nursing pups in 2nd week of life, severe anemia in PPP (before eggs are seen in feces), melena, death
Acute: older pups exposed to high infective disease, severe anaemia in PPP (before eggs are seen in feces)
Chronic compensation (partially immune): adult dogs in endemic areas, no or few clinical signs
Secondary decompensation: adult dogs with concomitant health/immunity problems and therefore a variety of symptoms

34
Q

Pathogenesis of Ancylostoma

A

Skin (“summer eczema”)
Interdigital spaces, limbs, ventrum
Resp signs- migrating larvae
Blood feeding- pre adults and adults (PPP)
Anemia
In people: cutaneous larval migrans

35
Q

Diagnosis of ancylostoma

A

Based on history (S.USA) and clinical signs
Fecal antigen (even in PPP before eggs are shed), fecal PCR
Fecal floatation- strongyle type egg
Adult nematode identification

36
Q

Control of ancylostoma

A

Deworm pups and kittens starting at 2 weeks old
Supportive therapy (transfusion); hand raise the puppies
Extra label tx pregnant and lactating female
Spay females
Environmental hygiene and kennel management
Treatment failures increasingly common (some evidence of anthelmintic resistance)

37
Q

Helminths of cats

A

Ancylostoma tubaeforme (hookworm)

38
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme is common in and life cycle

A

Rare in cats in Canada, more common in US
Life cycle similar to Uncinaria- no somatic larvae or transmammary transmission
Most often asymptomatic
Can cause anemia, diarrhea (melena) and weight loss in kittens
Considered potentially zoonotic

39
Q

SI nematode of dogs

A

Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)

40
Q

Epidemiology/ecology of S.Stercoralis

A

Distribution: worldwide, warm and humid (rare in Canada)
People and dogs (cats?) are definitive hosts
Free-living and parasitic cycles
Only females are parasitic
Transmammary transmission (larvae acquired by dam during lactation)

41
Q

PPP of S.Stercoralis

A

7-14 days

42
Q

How to get S.stercoralis

A

Direct
Through skin
Transmammary

43
Q

Strongyloides pathogenesis signs

A

Diarrhea
Resp signs
Chronic bouts of abdominal pain and diarrhoea especially in immunosuppressed dogs/people
Cutaneous larval migrans (people)

44
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosis

A

Larvae detected in Baermann on fresh feces
In older feces, must distinguish from free living larvae and from hatched hookworm larvae

45
Q

Control of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Extra label Macrocyclic Lactones
Environmental hygiene

46
Q

Large intestine/ceacum worms

A

Whipworm
Trichuris vulpis (dog)
Head is the skinny end
Trichuris serrata (cat)

47
Q

Epidemiology/ecology of T.Vulpis (Trichuris vulpis/whipworm)

A

Worldwide distribution
Canid definitive hosts (cats have other spp)
Direct, simple life cycle
Long prepatent period (PPP)
Eggs are environmentally resistant
Not considered zoonotic

48
Q

PPP of T.vulpis

A

2-3 mo

49
Q

What is the infective stage of Trichurius spp

A

Eggs with L1

50
Q

Diagnosis of T.vulpis

A

Fecal flotation
Fecal antigen (works in PPP), fecal PCR
Adult ID

51
Q

Pathogenesis of T.vulpis

A

Often asymptomatic
Adults suck blood (anaemia)
Chronic colitis (sporadic bloody mucoid diarrhea)

52
Q

Control of T.vulpis

A

Benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones
Tx must be repeated several times
The eggs are very hard to get rid of
Take so long to mature
Environmental hygiene (especially shelters)

Parisitology (12 decks)

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