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Parisitology > Cats and dogs cestodes and trematodes > Flashcards

Cats and dogs cestodes and trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology/ecology of Taeniids

A

Adults found in both canids and felids. Larval stages found in a variety of hosts
Global distribution
Predator-prey based indirect life cycle
Carnivore definitive hosts
Herbivore intermediate hosts
Eggs immediately infective and resistant in the environment (months)
Prevalence in DH tends to increase with age

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2
Q

Characteristics of Taenia spp

A

Have a rostellum with hooks and suckers on the side
One genetialia per mature segment - hermaphrodite

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3
Q

Life cycle of Taenia spp

A

Eggs in feces
Egg contains a single hecanth larvea
IH with metacestode with protoscolex eater
takes 2-3 months to develop in IH
PPP 6-9 weeks

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4
Q

Common Taenia spp. tapeworms in Canada

A

Taenia hydatigena
T.pisiformis*
T.ovis
T.krabbei
T. serialis
T. taeniaeformis*

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5
Q

Common Taenid species in canids

A

Taenia hydatigena
T.pisiformis*
T.ovis
T.krabbei
T. serialis

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6
Q

Diagnosis and clinical signs of taenia spp. In the DH (dog or cat)

A

Almost always subclinical
Fecal flotation for eggs
Not sensitive (20-30%)(using high specific gravity solution >1.3, or sedimentation)
Not specific- morphological identical to echinococcus
Coproantigen or coporoPCR
Segments or adults cestode in feces or on necropsy (fairly easy to determine genus- usually sent to a specialized lab to determine species)

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7
Q

Control and treatment of Taenia in DH

A

Animals at risk are any free-roaming pet with access to IH (hunt,scavenge), potentially raw meat diets
Goal: halt environmental contamination with immediately infective, resistant eggs
Several pesticides labelled for dogs and cats that will kill adult tapeworms
Control: prevent access to IH, cook or freeze offal and meat before feeding to dogs
There are no pharmaceutical control measures for intermediate hosts
Remember these will cycle wherever wild hosts are present
Taenia spp. From dogs and cats are not zoonotic

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8
Q

Echinococcus granulosus/E. Canadensis DH and IH

A

DH: wolves, coyotes, dogs
IH: sheep, moose, elk, caribou, deer (people)

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9
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis DH and IH

A

DH: fox, coyotes, wolves, dogs (cats)
IH: rodents (dogs, people)

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10
Q

Epidemiology/ecology of E.canadensis

A

All across canada except NL (so far)
E.canadensis is only species present in canada
11% of dogs in eastern SK reserve community
70% of wolves, 30% of coyotes
Prevalence tends to increase with age
Predator-prey indirect life cycles
Carnivore DH
Herbivore IH
Eggs immediately infective and very resistant

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11
Q

Life cycle of Echinococcus canadensis

A

Infective egg in feces of DH
Eaten by IH cystic hydatid
Devlops for 6-12 months in IH
IH eaten by DH
PPP~6 weeks

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12
Q

IH of Echinococcus canadensis

A

Moose>caribou>elk>deer
Cervid IH

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13
Q

Diagnosis and clinical signs of Echinococcus spp, in DH (dog)

A

Almost invariably subclinical
Fecal flotation for eggs (low sensitivity, 17-27%)
CoproPCR (higher sensitivity, >80%) and can distinguish among Taneia and 2 Echinococcus spp.
Adult cestodes in feces or on necropsy?

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14
Q

Life cycle of Echinococcus canadensis with humans

A

Humans can eat the infective eggs

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15
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis distribution

A

All of western Canada now considered endemic (maybe not Vancouver island)
Also in southern Ontario
Prevalence
30-70% in coyotes
30% of foxes
13% of wolves

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16
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis life cycle

A

Infective eggs in feces
Alveolar echinococcosis develops in IH
Develops in 2-4 months in IH
DH eats IH
PPP 35 days

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17
Q

Echinococcus spp.:larval stages

A

Cystic hydatid- many protoscolices free in single chambered fluid-filled cyst
Alveolar hydatid- many protoscolices free in multi chambered fluid filled cysts

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18
Q

Diagnosis of canine Alveolar echinococcosis (AE)

A

Suspicion: medical imaging, liver mass in young dog
Ddx neoplasia, granuloma, other causes of cyst
Suggestive: serology, histopathology
Protoscolices only present in about ⅓ of dogs
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain to detect membrane
Calcareous corpuscles
Potential for misdiagnosis with other larval cestodes
Definitive: immunohistochemistry, PCR
Abdominocentesis fluid
Aspirated cyst contents
Biopsy, surgical resection

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19
Q

Risk factors for AE

A

There have been at least 35 cases in dogs across most of Canada since 2009, 6+ in SK, 15+ in AB
Contact with wildlife, esp coyotes and foxes
Habitat overlap
70% of coyotes in a study
European strain E.multi
Use of off leash areas
Copropahgic dog

20
Q

Management of canine AE

A

Collect fecal sample for flotation and/or fecal PCR
Treat with adult cestocide (initially)
I.e. praziquantel at 5 mg/kg daily for 2 days
Treat with larval cestocide (long term/life long)
I.e. albendazole (larval cestocide) at 10 mg/kg daily
Surgical debulking/resection if clinically indicated
Advise owner to consult health care provider
Poor prognosis indicators: lare detection, significant abdominal effusion, metastases

21
Q

Control of Echinococcus in DH (dog)

A

Goal: halt environmental contamination with immediately infective, highly resistant eggs
Resistant to most chemicals
Killed by heat, drying, and freezing below -80*C
Control: prevent access to IH (freeze or cook off)
Why treat? Primarily public health considerations
With what? Praziquantel- high efficacy against adults
Who and where? High risk dogs in endemic regions
Free-roaming, hunting, scavenging, raw meat

22
Q

When to treat Echinococcus in DH

A

High risk: prophylactically, year round, q 4-6 weeks
Known positive (eggs may shed for 3 days post tx)
Advise owner to consult health care provider

23
Q

Cysticercoid means

A

single protoscolex, no cyst, in an arthropod

24
Q

Cyclophyllid cestodes larval stages

A

Cysticercoid- single protoscolex, no cyst, in an arthropod
Cysticercus- single protoscolex, fluid filled cyst
Coenurus- many (10s) protoscolices attached to wall of fluid flipped cyst
Strobilocercus- single miniature adult, no cyst
Cystic hydatid- many (1000s) protoscolices free in fluid filled cyst
Alveolar hydatid- many (100s) protoscolices free in multi chambered fluid filled cysts

25
Cystic hydatid is
many (1000s) protoscolices free in fluid filled cyst
26
Alveolar hydatid is
many (100s) protoscolices free in multi chambered fluid filled cysts
27
Epidemiology/ecology of Dipylidium
IH is fleas Present wherever you have fleas More common on the coasts and further south 35% of shelter cats in Oklahoma: proglottids were detected in 19% of these; all negative on fecal float Global distribution Indirect life cycles Dog or cat definitive host (DH)(rarely humans) Arthropod intermediate hosts (IH) Zoonotic but not directly from pets (eat flea)
28
Life cycle of Dipylidium caninum
Gravid segments and egg packets are passed in feces of DH Flea larvae with cysticercoid Adult flea with cysticercoid IH: fleas Ingested by dogs PPP 2-3 weeks
29
Egg packets of Dipylidium caninum
Each packet contains up to 30 eggs Each eggs contains a hexacanth larvae Heavy do not float
30
Cyclophyllid cestodes: larval stages
Cysticercoid- single protoscolex, no cyst, in an arthropod Cysticercus- single protoscolex, fluid filled cyst Coenurus- many (10s) protoscolices attached to wall of fluid flipped cyst Strobilocercus- single miniature adult, no cyst Cystic hydatid- many (1000s) protoscolices free in fluid filled cyst Alveolar hydatid- many (100s) protoscolices free in multi chambered fluid filled cysts
31
Diagnosis and control of Dipylidium
Diagnosis based on detection of egg packets or segments (most likely) in feces (cucumber seeds) Several products labelled for dogs an cats Treat all pets in household Flea control imperative Treatment failures generally flea related Short PPP sometimes makes it look as treatment has failed
32
Helminths of dogs
Small intestine Pseudophyllid cestodes (2 IH) Fish or tapeworms: DH dogs, piscivores, people Fresh water Diphyllobothrium latum (walleye, pike, pickerel, perch, burbot) D. dendriticum ( whitefish, burbot, sticklebacks) Marine D. ursi (Pacific salmon) D. nihonkaiense (Pacific salmon)
33
Epidemiology/ecology of Diphyllobothrium
1.3% of 231 shelter dogs in Regine 5% of 259 dogs from remote and northern SK Indirect life cycles Dog DH (also humans and bears) Cetacean 1st IH Fish 2nd IH +/- PH Zoonotic from eating fish
34
Life cycle of Diphyllobothrium
Eggs in feces grow to Coracidum in environment Curstacean gest infected with procercoids Fish eats crustacean IH2 now has plerocercoids IH2 can be eaten by dog OR Pisciverous fish PH PH or IH eaten by DH PPP 2-4 weeks adults can live for years
35
Diagnosis and control of Diphyllobothrium
Diagnosed based on detection of eggs ro segments (long strands of gravid segments) in feces Little clinical significance (gross factor) Prevent access to raw fish Cook or deep freeze fish prior to consumption Prevent dogs from contaminating water
36
Intestinal flukes of dogs and cats
Alaria spp. - dogs (common NW Canada) Nanophyetus salmincola (BC)- dogs (and cats)
37
Liver flukes of dogs and cats
Metorchus conjunctus- dogs
38
Are dog and cat flukes zoonotic
All potentially zoonotic, but not directly from pets (humans serve as aberrant DH)
39
Alaria spp
DH dohs (cats, wild canids, people) 3% of 231 shelter dogs in Regina, 8% of 62 dogs in SE Sk Zoonotic but not directly from pets
40
Life cycle of Alaria
Eggs in feces Miracidium Snail first IH cercaria Tadpole or frog second IH with metacercariae Can have a small mammal PH PH or IH eatedn by DH PPP 1-2 weeks
41
Nanophyetus salmincola is
DH dogs (cats, people) Fluke infection is harmless to dog but Transmits neorickettsia helminthoeca, causes salmon poisoning in dogs in BC< NW USA Rise of body temp, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, listlessness and/or rapid weight loss Treat fluke with praziquantel, rickettsia with doxycycline
42
Life cycle of Nanophyetus
Eggs in feces Mircidium Snail first IH Cercariae Salmon fish second IH with metacercariae DH eats IH
43
Metorchis conjunctus common in and is it zoonotic
DH dogs (rural, remote and northern) Cats, fox, mustelids, people Zoonotic but not directly from dogs
44
Life cycle of Metorchis conjunctus
Eggs in faeces Miracidium Snail first IH Cercariae Sucker fish seond IH woth metacercariae DH eats second IH
45
Diagnosis and control of trematodes
Diagnosis on detection of eggs in feces (flotation) Usually subclinical Prevent access to raw fish/frogs (PH) Cook or freeze prior to feeding (or eating) Prevent dogs from fecally contaminating water
46

Parisitology (12 decks)

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