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Horses Flashcards

1
Q

Small intestine nematode of horses

A

Parascaris equorum
- Family ascarididae
- Large roundworm of horse
Strongyloides westeri
- Equine threadworm

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2
Q

ecology/epidemiology of parascaris

A

Primary in foals <6 months of age
Occasionally present in adult horses, often aged
In SK study 50% of foals shedding vs 3% of mares
Worldwide distribution
Pastured and stable animals
Eggs very resistant and sticky and lots

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3
Q

Life cycle of parascaris equrum

A

PPP ~10-12 weeks
Eggs with morula in feces
Take at least 3 weeks to mature in enviro
Ingest eggs with L3
Heptotracheal migration

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4
Q

ecology/epidemiology of Strongyles westeri

A

Primarily in foals <6 months of age
Worldwide distribution
Warm humid climates
Pastured and stable animals with suboptimal environmental hygiene
Eggs nor particularly resistant
Vertical transmission (transmammary)
Larvae shed in milk for up to 8 weeks
Diagnosis on fecal floatation with fresh foal feces

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5
Q

Life cycle of strongyles westeri

A

PPP 10-14 days
L3 is infective stage
Can be eaten or go through skin
Can survive whole lifecycle in environment
Semitracheal and treacheal migration on foals
can have somatic migration in adults and be transmitted through colostrum and milk

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6
Q

Pathogenesis of strongyloides in horses

A

Cutaneous lesions possible
Respiratory signs possible
Big one is diarrhoea in young foals (as young as 2 weeks)
If known problem; treat mare just before foaling to prevent transmammary transmission and foals at about 1 week of age

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7
Q

Migratory large strongyles common in horses are

A

Strongylus vulgaris- bloodworm
Strongylus endentatus
Strongylus equininus

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8
Q

Are strongyles common in horses and how to diagnose

A

Virtually eradicated worldwide due to sue of modern anthelmintic
These worms are apstrue transmitted
Diagnosis
Strongyle type eggs in fecal floatation

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9
Q

Life cycle of Stringylus vulgaris

A

PPP ~6mos
L3 infective
Direct lifecycle through ingestion
Mesenteric artery migration

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10
Q

Strongylus equinus lifecycle

A

PPP around 1 year
L3 infective
Liver/pancrease migration

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11
Q

Strongylus endentatus life cycle

A

PPP around 1 year
L3 infective
Liver/pancrease migration

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12
Q

Cyathostomins is and how is it transmitted

A

small strongyles
Most abundant and diverse equine nematodes
At least 60 known species
Pasture transmitted

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13
Q

Cyathostomes life cycle

A

PPP 2-3 mo
L3 infective is ingested
Mucosal migration

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14
Q

What should you consider when deworming your horse

A

Individual horse susceptibility and overall health
Geography
Pasture vs Stable
Number of horses per acre
Pasture management
Any known resistance
Owner risk tolerance
The Future – what will vets and horse owners have that still works in 10 years? 20 years?

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15
Q

Pasture and manure management for horses

A

Don’t relocate recently dewormed horses to “clean” pasture
Reduce stocking density
Dispose of manure regularly (twice a week)
Feed off (above) the ground
Do not spread fresh manure on fields that horses are grazing (compost will kill most eggs if high enough temperature)
Mow and harrow pastures periodically
Separate weanlings from yearlings, adults

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16
Q

Oxyuris equi is located where in the horse and where in canada

A

Located in the large intestine
Caecum, colon, rectum, perianal region
Pinworm of horses
Worldwide distribution including western Canada
Stabled horses, poor hygiene
Eggs environmentally resistant
NOT ZOONOTIC

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs. tx/dx of Oxyuris equi

A

Have itchy bums
Dx: rarely flotation, usually swab or tape mount from perianal region
Tx: hygiene (environment and perineal washing), many labeled products

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18
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi is located where and common in

A

Located in the lungs
Order Strongylida
Rare in Canada
Dyspnoea and cough
Not no eggs from adult horses – primary reservoir is donkeys
Pasture transmitted

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19
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi lifecycle

A

PPP 12-14 weeks
3rd stage larvae infective
Tracheal migration to lungs

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20
Q

Cestodes of horses

A

Anoplocephala perfoliata–Ileum and Caecum
Most common species
Anoplocephala magna–proximal SI
Paranoplocephala mammillana – proximal SI
Worldwide distribution, rare in western Canada
Pasture transmitted

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21
Q

What are the c/s/dx/tx of equine tapeworms

A

Clinical signs: often none
Foals with other health issues
Risk factor for ileal impaction and spasmodic colic (A. perfoliata)
Dx: eggs in feces 24 hrs post-treatment
Tx: Single annual treatment with praziquantel in late fall

22
Q

Archinda of equines

A

Mites and ticks

23
Q

Insecta of equines

A

Lice (O.Phthiraptera)
Sub O. Mallophaga CHEWING
Sub O. Anoplura SUCKING
Flies (O. Diptera)

24
Q

Mites of equines

A

Chorioptes bovis
Surface Mite – Horses, cattle
“heel mite, foot mange”

25
Diagnosis of chorioptic mange in horses
History and clinical appearance Can be totally asymptomatic Pruritus of pastern, heel, and feathers Pruritis of tailhead Superficial skin scraping with KOH digest
26
Treatment and control of Chorioptic mange in horses
Highly contagious (treat all in herd and in-contact cattle & sheep)
27
What are common ticks seen on horses and in what time of year
Dermacentor albipictus (1H) - Seen in winter - L,N,A ticks Dermacentor variabilis (3H) - Adult seen in spring Dermacentor andersoni (3H) - Adults seen in spring Ixodes species (3H) - Adult seen in fall Tick borne diseases in horses are rare in Canada
28
Diagnosis of ticks on horses
Direct observation/clinical appearance Collect and store fresh, frozen or ethanol Identify to genus level Test for tick-borne pathogens IF CLINICAL
29
Treatment and control of ticks on horses
Manual removal (within 12-24 hrs) Environmental modification Topical Repellents: sprays, wipes, powders (carbaryl, pyrethroids, permethrin...)
30
What are the common lice of horses
Damalinia equi- chewing louse Dorso-lateral trunk Haematopinus asini– sucking louse Mane, tailhead and fetlocks Egg is at the BASE of hair
31
Diagnosis of lice in horses
History and clinical appearance Often asymptomatic (Carriers) Hair loss, irritation, pruritus, dandruff (anemia) Nits on base of hair, recovery and ID of adult lice
32
Treatment of lice in horses
Topical pesticides: sprays, wipes, powders, shampoos (carbaryl, pyrethroids, permethrin...) Systemic/oral ML may work on sucking lice Treat repeatedly (also fomites) Highly contagious (treat all horses in herd)
33
Flies common on horses
Diptera Bot flies [Other myiasis Flies] [Non-Biting Flies] Blood-Feeding Flies
34
Bot flies of horses
Gasterophilus intestinalis: eggs on forelimbs and shoulders, L3 in cardiac region of the stomach Gasterophilus nasalis: eggs in inter- mandibular region, L3 in pylorus and proximal duodenum Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis: eggs on hair of mouth and lips, L3 in rectum Gastrophilus sp adults have no mouth parts and do not feed Eggs are on the tips of hair
35
Diagnosis of bots in horses
Usually asymptomatic High intensities anorexia, colic, anaemia Eggs on tips of hair (vs base) L3 on gastroscopy, passed in feces, post-mortem
36
Treatment of bots in horses
Ivermectin or moxidectin in fall after first frost
37
Blood feeding flies of horses are
Stomoxys calcitrans – Stable fly Culicoides spp. – Midge Hypersensitivity to salivary antigens (Queensland or sweet itch) Tabanids– Horse fly, Deer fly, Clegs Culex, Aedes, Anopheles– Mosquitos IH/biological vectors for Setaria, West Nile virus, Equine Encephalitis (WEE, EEE, VEE)
38
Management of biting flies for horses
Stabling schedule and hygiene Screens (fine mesh for Culicoides) Site selection for grazing and manure piles Eliminate arthropod breeding sites (water)
39
How do you control biting flies in horses
Topical Repellents: sprays, wipes, powders, back rubbers (malathion, pyrethroids, permethrin...) Do not work for tabanids Pesticides, do not use off label Wound care to prevent myiasis
40
Apicomplexa– coccidia of the horse
Eimeria leuckarti
41
Eimeria leuckarti is how common and what are the c/s
Prevalence ~40% in foals Non-pathogenic Diarrhea rare No Tx approved or needed
42
Equine protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) is and is caused by
Equine IH/PH/AH Sarcocystis neurona* Neospora hughesi *most common cause of EPM
43
Clinical signs of EPM
Weakness Muscle atrophy Ataxia Seizures Cranial nerve deficits Lameness
44
Epidemiology of EPM
Only in north and south america Seroprevalence S. neurona ranges from 15-89% (USA) N. hughesi much lower (<10%) Young (<5 years) and old (>13 years) Usually sporadic, only 1 horse/farm Stress trigger (heavy exercise, transport, injury, surgery, birth and lactation)
45
Sarcocytis neurona DH and IH are
DH: opossum IH: skunks, racoons, armadillos, cats, birds… Horse is aberrant IH Merozoites in the neural tissue cause the pathology
46
Neospora hughesi hosts are and what type of migration is
DH: unknown – wild canid? IH:Wildlife?,Horses (True IH, develops tissue cysts) Tissue cysts with bradyzoites associated with pathology in horses Transplacental transmission important, occurs in multiple pregnancies Only ~1/10 positive horses develop EPM
47
Diagnosis of EPM in horses
Can be asymptomatic, highly variable Dysphagia, lameness, seizures, muscle wasting, ataxia Most consistent: asymmetric gait and focal muscle atrophy Neurological exam Rule out other causes (non febrile, no pain) Definitive antemortem diagnosis is a high CSF: serum antibody ratio Many horses are seropositive for antibodies to S. neurona Definitive EPM diagnosis: IHC or PCR on CNS
48
What does EPM stand for
Equine protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
49
Management of EPM in horses
Do Treat! (10 times more likely to improve) Variety of anti-coccidial drugs are available Duration 6-8 weeks, longer if still improving May relapse NSAIDS Prevent contamination of horse feed and water
50

Parisitology (12 decks)

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