Introduction Flashcards
Microbes under acellular infections agents
Prions and viruses
Microbes under cellular microorganisms - prokaryotic
Archaea and bacteria
Microbes under cellular microorganisms - eukaryotic
Algae, fungi, and Protozoa
Nonpathogenic or pathogenic - harmless
Nonpathogenic
Nonpathogenic or pathogenic - cause infection and disease
Pathogenic
Nonpathogenic or pathogenic - can be beneficial
Nonpathogenic
Nonpathogenic or pathogenic - distinct shape
Pathogenic
Nonpathogenic or pathogenic - many live on surface of skin
Non-pathogenic
Nonpathogenic or pathogenic - some produce toxins
Pathogenic
Nonpathogenic or pathogenic - 70% of all bacteria
Nonpathogenic
Nonpathogenic or pathogenic- spread easily and live everywhere
Pathogenic
established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1739.
Carolus Linnaeus
Study of bacteria.
Bacteriology
simple, single celled (unicellular) organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in a special membrane.
Bacteria
Mode of replication of bacteria
Binary fission
Organism whose cells have distinct nucleus containing the cell’s genetic material (DNA) surrounded by a nuclear membrane (Eukaryotes)
Fungi
Study of fungi
Mycology
Unicellular/ multicellular organism (Monomorphic; Dimorphic fungi)
Fungi
Mode of reproduction of the fungi
Asexual and sexual reproduction (budding or mitosis)
Core made only ONE type of nucleic acid either DNA or RNA
Virus
Does NOT contain structured elements required for protein synthesis
Viruses
Mode of replication of viruses
Replicates in host cells
do not cause disease under ordinary conditions
but have the potential to cause disease should the opportunity present itself.
Opportunistic pathogens
Microbes are essential for life on this planet as we know it. For example, some microbes produce oxygen by the process known as
Photosynthesis
Many microbes are involved in the decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms. Collectively, they are referred to as decomposers or
Saprophytes
Some microbes are capable of decomposing industrial wastes (oil spills, for example). Thus, we can use microbes— genetically engineered microbes, in some cases—to clean up after ourselves. The use of microbes in this manner is calle
Bioremediation
E. coli produce what vitamins
Vitamin and b1
Many microbes are essential in various food and beverage industries, whereas others are used to produce certain enzymes and chemical
Biotechnology
Observe a thin slice of cork through a crude microscope
Robert Hooke
Father of Bacteriology and Father of Protozoology
Anton yan Leeuwenhoek
considered as “first true microbiologist”
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
first person to observe and accurately describe living microorganisms.
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
used the term “animalcules” (tiny living and moving cells seen under the microscope) 🡪 made detailed drawings of organisms he found
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
proposed the “Spontaneous Generation Theory”
Aristotle
states that living things could develop spontaneously from non-living materials
Aristotle
Italian physician who introduced experimental procedure to disprove Spontaneous Generation Theory
Francesco redo
He challenged the idea that maggots DO NOT arise spontaneously from decaying meat.
Francesco Redi
He observed that a boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy after pouring it into a flask that was then sealed tightly.
John needham
He asserted that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give rise to life.
JOHN NEEDHAM
He improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating the broth placed in a sealed jar. = NO GROWTH
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI
He proposed that air carried microorganisms to the culture medium
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI
It states that living cells can arise from pre-existing living cells.
Theory of biogenesis
He challenged the doctrine of spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis.
Rudolf Virchow
He disproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation.
Louis Pasteur
He proved that the air does not generate itself, microorganisms are indeed present in it and can contaminate sterile solutions.
Louis Pasteur
He proposed the use of HEAT in killing microbes or the ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
Louis Pasteur
a method used in preventing contamination by unwanted microorganisms
Louis Pasteur
He provided evidence that microorganisms could not originate from “mystical forces” present in non-living materials.
Louis Pasteur
What flask is used by Pasteur in confirmation of biogenesis
S-shaped (swan-neck) flask
stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol.
Theodor Schwann
L. Pasteur described that certain microorganisms known as yeast convert sugar to alcohol in the absence o f air
Fermentation
To resolve, Pasteur suggested the minimal heating of beers and wines that is enough to kill bacteria that can caused the spoilage
Pasteurization
He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
Louis Pasteur
He developed the vaccine against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885)
Louis Pasteur
He improved the wine-making processes. (fermentation and pasteurization).
Louis Pasteur
He demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of diseases.
Ignaz Semmelweis
Important people under the theory of antisepsis
Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph lister
He introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain.
Joseph Lister
He pioneered in promoting among surgeons handwashing before and after an operation.
Joseph lister
Used of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing.
Joseph lister
First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause disease
Robert Koch
He discovered Bacillus anthracis, causative agent of anthrax in 1876
Robert Koch
He discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis in 1882
Robert Koch
He developed a culture media for observing bacterial growth isolated from the human body.
Robert Koch
Suggested the use of agar, solidifying agent, in the preparation of culture media.
Fanny Hesse
Developed the Petri dish
Julius Richard Petri
Developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media.
Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky
He introduced the concept of vaccination.
Edward Jenner
used the term “vaccine” for an attenuated culture.
Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Emile Roux
made a series of experiments to produce attenuated strains of bacteria.
Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Emile roux
Discovered the streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics
Selman Waksmann
Regarded as “Father of Antibiotics” – discovered antimicrobials before the hype of penicillin
Selman Waksmann
He accidentally discovered antibiotic penicillin (Penicillium
notatum)
Alexander Fleming
He discovered lysozyme
Alexander Fleming
He discovered salvarsan (arsphenamine) for the treatment of syphilis
Paul Ehrlich
Specializes in bacteriology— the study of the structure, functions, and activities of bacteria.
Bacteriologist
Specializes in the study of various algae
Phycologist/algologist
Explores in the area of protozoa and their activitie
Protozoologist
Specializes in the study of fungi
Mycologist
Studies on viruses, prions, and viroids and their effects on living cells of all types
Virologist
Studies pathogens, the disease they cause, and the body’s defenses against disease
Medical microbiologist
Concerned with the laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases of humans
Clinical microbiologist/diagnosticmicrobiologist
Concerned with epidemiology, transmission of pathogens, disease-prevention measures, aseptic techniques, treatment of infectious diseases, immunology, and the production of vaccines to protect people and animals against infectious diseases
Epidemiologist
