Bacterial Structure And Morphology Flashcards by Gay Amor Tipolo Gacang

Innermost layer or the cell envelope, covering of the cytoplasm

Cell membrane

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Composition of the cell membrane

Proteins and phospholipids

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Controls the influx and efflux of substances

Cell membrane

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Encloses the cytoplasm

Cell membrane

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Various metabolic reactions take place here (because enzymes are mostly attached here)

Cell membrane

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Suspended in the cytoplasm, that area is called the “Bacterial nucleoid” Composition: single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA

Chromosome

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serves as the control center of the cell

Bacterial DNA

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capable of duplicating, guiding cell division and directing cellular activities and 575-55,000 genes

Bacterial DNA

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double-stranded DNA, suspended in the cytoplasm

Extra chromosomal DNA / plasmid

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contains fewer than 10 to several hundred genes

Extrachromosomal DNA/Plasmid

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contains fewer than 10 to several hundred genes

Extrachromosomal DNA/Plasmid

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Extrachromosomal DNA/Plasmid

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It is where various metabolic reactions takes place

Cell membrane

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Holds the cytoplasmic particles especially the 70S ribosomes

Cytoplasm

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contain starch, lipid, sulfur and iron that serve as nutrients of bacteria

Cytoplasmic granules

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Location: Outer layer, between the cell membrane and capsule (if capsule is present)

Cell wall

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Composition of the cell wall

Peptidoglycan/Murein

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Peptide/Protein bonds that link the polysaccharide chains

Peptido

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Polysaccharide chains (N-acetylmuramic acid + N-acetylglucosamine)

Glycan

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Bacteria that doesn’t have a cell wall

Mycoplasma

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Bacteria that don’t have a cell wall

Mycoplasma

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Defines the shape of bacterial cell

Cell wall

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Provides rigidity, strength, and protection

Cell wall

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Determines the reaction to some bacterial stains

Cell wall

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thicker cell wall, with techoic acid

Gram positive

thinner cell wall with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phospholipid

Gram negative

are bacteria without cell wall; maycause chronic form of diseases such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Lyme disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, and Sarcoidosis

Cell Wall-Deficient (CWD) or L-form bacteria

What structures are suspended in the cytoplasm of bacteria?

PolySome's

Location: outside the cell wall

Glycocalyx

Composition: slimy, gelatinous material produced by the cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall

Glycocalyx

not highly organized and not firmly attached to the cell wall; enables them to glide or slide along solid surfaces, and seem to protect bacteria from antibiotics and desiccation

Slime layer

highly organized & firmly attached to the cell wall; may be composed of polysaccharides, lipids & proteins

Capsule

anti-phagocytic

Capsule

stain that demonstrates the capsule; capsule appears as unstained halo around the bacterial cell, against a dark background

Negative staining

It is a capsular swelling reaction. A gold standard test for serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae. Swelling of the capsule happens when the type-specific antibody combines with the capsule.

Quellung/Neufeld Reaction

Location: Outside, attached to the basal body in the cell membrane

Flagella

Location: Outside, attached to the basal body in the cell membrane

Flagella

protein appendages for bacterial motility

Flagella

Composition of flagella is 3 or more threads of protein called _____ that is twisted like a rope

flagellin

flagellum on one end of the bacterium

Monotrichous

tuft of flagella on one end of the bacterium

Lophotrichous

one or more flagella on each end of the bacterium

Amphitrichous

Flagella over the entire surface/perimeter of the bacterium

Peritrichous

flagella-like fibrils found in spirochetes that enable them to move in a spiral , helical, or inchworm manner

Axial filaments

Location: Arise from the cytoplasm and extend through the cell/plasma membrane, cell wall, and capsule (if present); common among Gram-negative

PILI/FIMBRIAE

Composition of pili that is polymerized protein molecules called

pilin

For bacterial adherence/attachment to surfaces

Somatic Pili

For transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another (Conjugation)

Sex Pili

Location: Within the cytoplasm of the bacteria

SPORES (ENDOSPORES)

Composition: Copy of the chromosome, and some of the surrounding cytoplasm becomes enclosed and form the spore

SPORES (ENDOSPORES)

Enable bacteria to survive in adverse conditions, such as temperate extremes, desiccation, and lack of nutrients

SPORES (ENDOSPORES)

spore is produced at the end of the bacterial cell

Terminal spore

produced elsewhere in the cell

Subterminal spore

Example of bacteria that has sports

Bacillus and Clostridium species

Example of curve or comma-shaped bacilli

Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (singly, curved bacilli) Campylobacter spp. (curve bacilli in pairs, appears like a seagull's wing

AXIAL FILAMENTS/PERIPLASMIC FLAGELLA CAUSATIVE AGENT OF SYPHILIS

Treponema pallidum

TIGHTLY COILED SPIROCHETE

Treponema pallidum

Less tightly coiled Motility: Axial filaments

Borrelia spp.

CWD or L-form that appear in various shapes due to the absence of cell wall

Pleomorphic bacteria

For fixation - so that the bacteria will stick to the slide; preserve the bacteria; serves as bacteriostatic agent

Methanol

Primary stain - serves as initial cell wall stain

Crystal violet (blue)

Reaction of Crystal violet stain

Gram positive: stains blue to purple Gram negative: blue to purple

Mordant - forms an insoluble complex with the primary stain, increasing its uptake and fixing it into the cell wall (crystal violet-iodine complex)

Gram's iodine (purple)

Reaction of grams iodine

Gram positive: blue to purple Gram negative: blue to purple

Decolorizer - removes the primary stain

Ethanol

Reaction of ethanol

Gram positive: blue to purple Gram negative: colorless

Secondary stain/ counterstain - provides contrast or differentiation

Safranin (red)

Reaction of safranin

Gram positive: blue to purple Gram negative: red

All cocci are Gram postive, EXCEPT

Neisseria, Veilonella and Moraxella.

All bacilli are Gram negative, EXCEPT

Mycobacteria, Corynebacterium, Clostridia, Erysiphilothrix, Lactobacillus, Listeria, Nocardia, Actinomyces, and Bacillus.

All spiral organisms are reported as

Gram negative

Yeasts are reported as

Gram positive

Not Gram stained

Chlamydia, Ricketssia, Mycoplasma, Ureplasma, Spirochete, Legionella

Steps of G/S:

VIAS

Gram negative cocci

NEVErMORe (Neisseria, Veilonella, Moraxella)

Gram positive bacilli

MY CORY CLOSed hER LACTO LIST, NO ACTINg BACk

Rods in chains

Streptobacilli

Cocci in clusters

Staphylococci

Cocci in chain

Streptococci

Bacilli in pairs

Diplobacilli

Cocci in pairs

Diplococci

Cocci in packets of eight

Octads

Short bacilli

Coccobacilli

Spirillum

Spirochete

Stacks of bacilli

Palisade

Varied shapes

Pleomorphic

Diplobacilli

M. Boris - gram negative

Octads

S. ventriculli - gram positive

Coccobacilli

H. Influenzae - gram negative

Diplococci

N. gonorrheae - gram negative

Palisade

C. diphtheriae - gram positive

Streptobacilli

S. moniliformis - gram negative

Staphylococci

S. aureus - gram neg

Spirochete

T. pallidum -gram neg

Pleomorphic

M. pneumoniae

Streptococci

S. pyogenes - gram pos