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Immunology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

what does a cytokine do?

A

mediates inflammatory and immune reactions

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2
Q

what is the physiologic function of the immune system?

A

prevent and eradicate infections and eradicate cancers

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3
Q

does an antigen induce a specific immune response?

A

not always

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4
Q

what are the principal components of innate immunity?

A

anatomical and chemical barriers
effector cells
inflammation

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5
Q

what are the most important professional antigen presenting cells?

A

dendritic cells

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6
Q

what do neutrophils do?

A

kill extracellular pathogens
phagocytose

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7
Q

what secretes cytokines?

A

macrophages

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8
Q

what are the two professional antigen presenting cell types?

A

dendritic cells and macrophages

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9
Q

how do macrophages deal with pathogens/foreign antigens?

A

capture them, lyse them, and present them to T cells

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10
Q

what cells are important in linking innate and adaptive immune responses?

A

dendritic cells

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11
Q

true/false: macrophages and neutrophils can phagocytose intracellular pathogens if those pathogens are present in extracellular spaces

A

true

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12
Q

what is phagocytosis and killing of microbes?

A

when a phagocyte binds and phagocytoses a pathogen or surface molecule, then entraps it in the phagosome, which fuses with the lysosome to form a phagolysosome. Enzymes of it kill the microbe

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13
Q

what cells are phagocytes?

A

neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

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14
Q

what reactions do basophils contribute to?

A

inflammation and allergic reactions

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15
Q

what do eosinophils do?

A

secrete the contents of their granules to damage parasitic membranes

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16
Q

what cells have the most heavily granulated cytoplasm?

A

mast cells

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17
Q

what cells directly kill other cells?

A

natural killer (NK) cells

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18
Q

how do natural killer cells kill other cells?

A

secrete perforin and granzymes (proteins)
perforin makes holes in the cell membrane to allow granzymes through, which induce apoptosis

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19
Q

what is hypersensitivity?

A

when inflammation goes too far and causes a lot of damage to the host’s tissues, even death

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20
Q

what are the first four hallmark signs of inflammation?

A

rubor (redness- increased blood flow), calor (heat- increased blood flow), tumor (swelling- edema and proteins), dolor (pain- stimulation nerve endings)

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21
Q

do arteries and arterioles or venules contribute to inflammation (extravasation)?

A

venules

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22
Q

what are the effector cells of adaptive immunity?

A

B and T lymphocytes (B and T cells)

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23
Q

what cells can be recruited into an inflamed site?

A

neutrophils (primarily), lymphocytes, and monocytes and other cells

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24
Q

what do T cells recognize?

A

only protein antigens

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25
Q

what do B cells recognize?

A

protein, carbohydrate, and lipid antigens
the whole Baboodle

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26
Q

what cells express antigen receptors?

A

B and T cells

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27
Q

what are the two main characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A

specificity/specific immunity and memory/acquired immunity

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28
Q

what is an immunogen?

A

an antigen that always induces an immune response

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29
Q

what are hapten and carrier?

A

a small chemical on a macromolecule to induce an immune response

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30
Q

what are epitopes or antigenic determinants?

A

regions against which immune responses are directed

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31
Q

what are the two types of epitopes?

A

linear and discontinuous/conformational

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32
Q

what is the basis of diversity with lymphocytes?

A

an unvaccinated animal will have clones of lymphocytes with different specificities, for antigens they have never been exposed to

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33
Q

what is lymphocyte repertoire?

A

the total number of antigenic specificities of the lymphocytes an individual has

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34
Q

true/false: immunocompetent dogs that have never been exposed to antigens of canine parvovirus have a small fraction of B cells with B cell receptors specific to canine parvovirus

A

true

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35
Q

true/false: ten dogs vaccinated a month back for the first time against canine parvovirus, but not the 40 unvaccinated dogs, have a small fraction of B cells with B cell receptors specific to canine parvovirus

A

false. they all have some

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36
Q

true/false: ten dogs vaccinated a month back for the first time against canine parvovirus, but not the 40 unvaccinated dogs, have memory B cells with B cell receptors specific to canine parvovirus

A

true

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37
Q

do dogs have a small fraction of B cells with B cell receptors specific to feline immunodeficiency virus?

A

yes

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38
Q

do naive or memory cells respond more rapidly and vigorously to antigen challenge?

A

memory cells

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39
Q

what is tolerance?

A

self recognition so that you do not kill your own healthy cells

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40
Q

what are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

humoral immunity
cell-mediated or cellular immunity

41
Q

what cells produce antibodies or immunoglobulins that mediate humoral immunity?

A

B cells

42
Q

do naive B cells secrete antibodies into the extracellular space?

A

no

43
Q

what are plasma cells?

A

terminally differentiated, non-dividing effector B cells

44
Q

what does the activated B cell (no longer naive) differentiate into?

A

effector B cells (plasma cells) and long-lived memory B cells

45
Q

why do we need antibodies?

A

they play a major role in defense against microbes and their toxins

46
Q

do T cells secrete their T cell receptors?

A

no, they only express 10^5 identical T cell receptors

47
Q

when do T cell receptors on T cells recognize antigens?

A

when antigens are presented to them by professional antigen presenting cells

48
Q

do the major histocompatibility complex molecule of antigen presenting cells present carbohydrates or lipids?

A

no- only proteins

49
Q

what are the two types of effector T cells?

A

helper (helper through cytokines) and cytotoxic (killer function- kill cells infected)

50
Q

how do T cells kill cells?

A

perforin and granzymes

51
Q

why are T helper cells considered a part of cellular immunity?

A

they provide help to various immune cell types including macrophages, eosinophils and T cytotoxic cells

52
Q

what are the effector cells of innate immunity?

A

macrophages
neutrophils
dendritic cells
natural killer cells
mast cells
eosinophils
basophils

53
Q

true/false: a pathogen always expresses more than one antigen, each bearing many epitopes

A

true

54
Q

from what do lymphocyte precursors arise from?

A

pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow

55
Q

where do lymphocyte precursors undergo maturation and development?

A

primary lymphatic organs

56
Q

where do T cells go to become immunocompetent (still naive)?

A

thymus

57
Q

where do B cells go to become immunocompetent (still naive)?

A

bone marrow
cloacal bursa
Peyer’s patches

58
Q

what cells replace the connective tissue in most lymphoid organs?

A

epithelial cells (epithelioreticular cells)

59
Q

what do epithelial cells do that replace the connective tissue in the thymus?

A

mechanical support
secrete cytokines
sheath blood vessels

60
Q

where are Hassall’s corpuscles found? what cells are they made up of?

A

thymus
epithelioreticular cells

61
Q

does the thymus have efferent and/or afferent lymphatics?

A

efferent only

62
Q

what is a thymoma?

A

a malignancy of thymic epithelial cells after sexual maturity

63
Q

what makes up the outer layer of the cloacal bursa?

A

epithelium

64
Q

what promotes B cell differentiation in the cloacal bursa?

A

epithelial (reticular) cells

65
Q

where are Peyer’s patches found (primary lymph organ)?

A

distal ileum of small intestine
ruminants, carnivores, pigs

66
Q

where do B cell precursors start in the bone marrow?

A

near endosteum of bone, move toward venous sinuses

67
Q

what is the purpose of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

immunosurveillance and response to foreign antigens

68
Q

where is diffuse lymphoid tissue found prominently?

A

lamina propria of tubular organs

69
Q

what is found in secondary nodules of lymphoid tissue?

A

large proliferating lymphocytes on inside (germinal center), small naive on outside (mantle zone)

70
Q

are interfollicular areas B cell or T cell rich?

A

T cell rich

71
Q

what are the tonsils?

A

secondary lymphoid tissue in oro- and nasopharynx

72
Q

does the tonsil have afferent lymphatics?

A

no

73
Q

where are Peyer’s patches most commonly found (secondary lymph organs)?

A

jejunum and proximal ileum

74
Q

what do microfold cells do?

A

pinocytose particulates in lumen and present them to lymphocytes and dendritic cells in basolateral pockets

75
Q

what lymphatic organs have afferent lymphatics?

A

lymph nodes

76
Q

where are B cells and T cells in the lymph nodes?

A

B cell superficial cortex
T cells deeper cortex in zones
medulla: cords and sinuses

77
Q

what are sinuses for in lymph nodes?

A

allows lymph to pass into sinus
allows lymph to pass into parenchyma
macrophages hunt for antigen

78
Q

what type of vessels are found in the paracortex of lymph nodes after the capillaries?

A

high endothelial vessels make up venules

79
Q

how do most lymphocytes enter the lymph node?

A

via high endothelial venules lines by tall, simple cuboidal endothelium

80
Q

how do B cells leave the lymph node in an immune response?

A

medullary cords to medullary sinuses

81
Q

what makes up the capsule of the spleen?

A

mesothelium, connective tissue, +/- smooth muscle

82
Q

what is in the white pulp of the spleen?

A

organized lymphoid tissue: periarteriolar lymphatic sheath and lymphoid nodules

83
Q

do B cells or T cells predominate near the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath?

A

T cells

84
Q

how do lymphocytes get into the spleen?

A

migrate from capillaries in zone between white pulp and red pulp

85
Q

what species have nonsinusoidal spleens (no splenic sinuses: open circulation)?

A

cats, horses, oxes, pigs

86
Q

true/false: sinuses function as a mechanical filter and pinch off red blood cell inclusions

A

true

87
Q

what removes abnormal red blood cells in nonsinusoidal spleens?

A

macrophages

88
Q

what do antigens do?

A

bind to microbes outside cells, neutralize them, facilitate their removal

89
Q

what are the phagocyte types?

A

neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

90
Q

what cell type predominantly surrounds central arteries in spleens?

A

periarteriolar lymphatic sheath of T lymphocytes

91
Q

where are sheathed capillaries in spleens and what surrounds them?

A

in red pulp, surrounded by periarteriolar macrophage sheath

92
Q

how do you distinguish between a tonsil slide and a lymph node slide?

A

tonsil will have epithelium over at least half of it (stratified squamous epithelium)

93
Q

what cells are in germinal centers in lymph nodes?

A

large activated B cells

94
Q

how do most lymphocytes enter the lymph node?

A

high endothelial venules

95
Q

where are T cells found in lymph nodes?

A

surrounding B cell nodes (germinal center with corona)

96
Q

is the thymus a primary or secondary lymphoid organ?

A

primary

97
Q

how do lymphocytes enter and leave the thymus?

A

enter via cortical capillaries
leave via post-capillary venules or efferent lymphatics

98
Q

what tissue type is a prominent component of the splenic parenchyma and trabecula?

A

smooth muscle

99
Q

where are high endothelial venules found?

A

lymph nodes

Immunology (21 decks)

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