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Immunology > Exam 2- Principles of Immunization > Flashcards

Exam 2- Principles of Immunization Flashcards

1
Q

what is the goal of active immunization?

A

generate long-lasting and protective immunization against a specific pathogen to prevent infection and/or disease by that pathogen and eliminates or decreases carriage and/or shedding of the pathogen

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2
Q

what are the two main types of immunization?

A

active and passive

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3
Q

capsular polysaccharide is the only antigen that protects against an extracellular pathogen and (transmitted by tick bite) that infects the liver, but no other organ. which response will be the most important for protection against the pathogen?

A

serum antibody response

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4
Q

you would like to prepare a vaccine using the polysaccharide antigen. what do you conjugate it to?

A

polysaccharide antigen conjugated to a protein carrier with an aluminum phosphate adjuvant

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5
Q

what are the advantages of active immunization?

A

generates humoral or both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
long term protection due to generation memory and plasma cells
does not lead to serum sickness

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6
Q

what are the disadvantages of active immunity?

A

time (weeks) to develop immunity
fibrosarcomas can occur in cats- rare

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7
Q

what does passive immunization involve?

A

transfer preformed antibodies against particular pathogen or toxin

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8
Q

what are the two classes of passive immunization?

A

natural and acquired passive immunity

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9
Q

when does natural passive immunity occur?

A

maternal antibodies transferred to fetus via placenta or colostrum

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10
Q

true/false: acquired passive immunity is when purified monoclonal antibodies or immunoglobulins from a different individual are injected into an individual

A

true

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11
Q

what is the advantage of passive immunization?

A

immediate benefits

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12
Q

what are the disadvantages of passive immunity?

A

immunity is short-lived: 2-3 weeks
repeated administration from heterologous species can result in serum sickness

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13
Q

do polysaccharide antigens require conjugation with a carrier protein? why?

A

alone, mostly induces IgM response: half-life 4-5 days, lack of help from Th cells with class switching
conjugated: effective IgG response, recruits Th cells for class-switching

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14
Q

what is a conjugate vaccine?

A

vaccine of polysaccharide antigens conjugated with protein carrier molecule

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15
Q

why is it important to know about the transmission route and disease pathogenesis of a pathogen?

A

to know what reaction a vaccine should induce: mucosal or systemic immune response or both

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16
Q

what type of immunity is important for extracellular pathogens?

A

humoral immunity

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17
Q

what type of immunity is important for intracellular pathogens?

A

both humoral and cell-mediated immunity

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18
Q

how can a vaccine induce a long-lasting protective immune response?

A

long-lived plasma cells
memory Th and memory B cells
memory Tc cells
make antigen available to immune system for sufficient duration

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19
Q

what are adjuvants used for?

A

decrease amount of antigen and reduce number of doses required to induce protective immunity
induce protective response more rapidly
increase rate of seroconversion in special populations

20
Q

what are the five mechanisms of action adjuvants may use?

A

increasing biological half-life of vaccines
upregulation cytokines and chemokines at site injection
increase antigen uptake and presentation to APCs
activation and maturation APC
activation inflammasomes

21
Q

what adjuvants are most widely used in human and veterinary medicine?

A

aluminum adjuvants

22
Q

what response do aluminum-containing adjuvants induce?

A

preferentially Th2 responses

23
Q

what adjuvants have been implicated in development of feline fibrosarcoma?

A

aluminum adjuvants

24
Q

what do water-in-oil emulsion adjuvants consist of?

A

heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in non-metabolizable oils

25
Q

what type of response does a complete Freund’s adjuvant induce?

A

mostly Th1
incomplete: mostly Th2

26
Q

are injection site reactions common with water-in-oil adjuvants?

A

yes, fairly common

27
Q

what does the oil-in-water adjuvant MF59 consist of?

A

squalene oil
Tween 80 and Span 85

28
Q

what type of response does MF59 lead to?

A

balanced Th1 and Th2 response
half life is 42 hours

29
Q

what is required to form cage-like complexes?

A

saponin
cholesterol
phospholipid
immunogen

30
Q

what vaccines is the adjuvant QS-21 used in?

A

feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
canine Lyme disease vaccine

31
Q

from where are live attenuated or modified live vaccines derived from?

A

“wild” or disease-causing viruses or bacteria

32
Q

how are wild viruses or bacteria weakened or attenuated?

A

repeated in vitro culturing
cold-adapted and temperature sensitive
defined genetic modification
mutagenesis by chemicals or irradiation

33
Q

is adjuvant required for live attenuated or modified live vaccines?

A

no

34
Q

can live attenuated or modified live vaccines convert back to virulent form?

A

yes

35
Q

who should not receive live vaccines, if anyone?

A

individuals with weakened immune systems

36
Q

are inactive or killed vaccines safer than live vaccines?

A

yes

37
Q

killed bacterial vaccines are also called “_____________”

A

bacterins

38
Q

what are the advantages of subunit or antigen vaccines?

A

very safe
unable to revert back to cause disease
with good adjuvant, can induce humoral or both humoral and cell-mediated immunity

39
Q

true/false: one advantage of a DNA vaccine is that antigen is presented by both MHC class I and MHC class II molecules

A

true

40
Q

why is an RNA vaccine safer than a DNA vaccine?

A

it poses no risk of disrupting cell’s natural DNA sequence

41
Q

how does a vector vaccine differ from a live vaccine?

A

only a gene encoding for a protective antigen of a pathogen is inserted into an attenuated virus or bacterium

42
Q

when are autogenous vaccines used?

A

within a herd, using a pathogen obtained from an animal in the herd

43
Q

what types of hypersensitivity reactions can vaccines induce?

A

types I, II, and IV hypersensitivity reactions

44
Q

for maternal antibodies, what are the three possible mechanisms of antibody interreference?

A

antigen removal by macrophages
B cell inhibition through epitope masking
B cell inhibition through cross-link of BCR with Fc-gamma-RIIB

45
Q

what can repeated administration of antibodies from a heterologous species result in?

A

serum sickness

46
Q

are polysaccharide antigens in vaccines good at eliciting a cell-mediated response?

A

no

Immunology (21 decks)

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