Exam 2- Immunodeficiency

Question 1

the doctor is right/wrong: a dog has come to a clinic with a history of recurrent pneumonia with an extracellular bacterial pathogen. the attending doctor thinks that there could be a defect with the antibody production, and suspects antibody levels to be low

Answer 1

yes, the doctor could be right

Question 2

a 4 year old horse with recurrent infections has serum IgA, IgG and IgM levels of 0.1, 2.2, and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. normal serum levels are 2, 20, and 3 mg/ml, respectively. the animal most likely has:

Answer 2

common variable immunodeficiency

Question 3

where do primary or congenital immunodeficiencies stem from?

Answer 3

genetic or developmental defects

Question 4

what is primary agammaglobulinemia characterized by?

Answer 4

absence mature B cells and all immunoglobulin isotypes including IgM

Question 5

what is transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy?

Answer 5

temporary delay in onset of endogenous antibody synthesis

Question 6

when is common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) usually diagnosed?

Answer 6

in adults

Question 7

what animals is IgA deficiency most common in?

Answer 7

german shepherd dogs

Question 8

what animals is IgG or IgG subclass deficiency most common in?

Answer 8

foal
red Danish cattle: low IgG2 may not lead to increased susceptibility to infections
Holstein heifer
dogs

Question 9

what has IgM deficiency been reported in?

Answer 9

foals

Question 10

what two groups of enzymes are critical to the success of V(D)J rearrangements in T and B cells?

Answer 10

recombinase-activating genes 1 and 2
deoxyribonucleic acid- dependent kinase

Question 11

what mechanism of SCID is common in jack russell terriers?

Answer 11

absence of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit

Question 12

what does X-linked SCID result from?

Answer 12

inability of IL-7 to function

Question 13

is canine cyclic neutopenia innate or adaptive immunity?

Answer 13

innate immunity

Question 14

X-linked SCID is due to the:

Answer 14

absence of common gamma chain of IL-2 receptor

Question 15

what is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 15

canine distemper virus

Question 16

what are some retroviral-induced immunodeficiency examples?

Answer 16

simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus
feline immunodeficiency virus

Question 17

what does deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) do?

Answer 17

rejoins the cut DNA after RAG-1 and RAG-2 to produce genes for TCR and BCR

Question 18

what is the disease from X-linked SCID due to a mutation in the common IL-2Rgamma chain due to?

Answer 18

inability of IL-7 to function

Question 19

what levels of circulating antibody isotypes do X-linked SCID afflicted dogs have?

Answer 19

normal IgM
very low or no IgG or IgA

Question 20

what accounts for the deficiency of NK cells in X-linked SCID?

Answer 20

the receptor for IL-15 also used IL-2R-gamma
when IL-15 cannot function, it does not stimulate NK cell proliferation

Question 21

what does leukocyte adhesion deficiency result from?

Answer 21

mutation in gene coding for CD18 or beta chain

Question 22

what does canine distemper virus do?

Answer 22

causes severe persisting immunosuppression with lymphoid depletion
induces lymphopenia without significant decrease in neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
T cells more affected than B cells, CD4+ more affected than CD8+

Question 23

you have a cat present with wasting, neurological manifestations, chronic stomatitis, and gingivitis. what is your first differential diagnosis? what does this do?

Answer 23

feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
progressively depletes CD4+ T lymphocytes