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Immunology > Cykines In Health And Disease > Flashcards

Cykines In Health And Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what do cytokines do?

A

serve as chemical messengers of the immune system

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2
Q

are cytokines antigen specific?

A

no

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3
Q

true/false: cytokines are glycoproteins that act over only short ranges

A

false: act over short and long ranges and can therefore result in systemic effects
they are glycoproteins

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4
Q

how do cytokines exert their functional effects?

A

bind to specific receptors on the target cell

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5
Q

cytokines have ______________________, meaning that one cytokine can affect the activity of many different target cell types

A

pleiotropic properties

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6
Q

what is functional redundancy?

A

more than one cytokine (or other signal) can act on a single cellular target

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7
Q

what does autocrine mean with cytokines?

A

a cytokine can act on the same cell that secreted it

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8
Q

what are the two results of the fact that cytokines rarely act alone in vivo?

A

synergistic effects: work together to create a bigger effect than the sum of the two
antagonistic effects: one cytokine inhibits the activity of another

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9
Q

what do interleukins (IL) do?

A

regulate interactions between leukocytes
can act on other cell types

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10
Q

what do interferons (IFNs) do?

A

interfere with viral replication within host cells
also other functions

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11
Q

what interferons (IFNs) are in each class?

A

type I: IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
type II: IFN-gamma

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12
Q

what do tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) do?

A

cause necrosis by inducing local inflammation and thrombosis of tumor blood vessels
potent mediators of acute inflammatory response to infectious agents

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13
Q

what cells stimulate the expansion and differentiation of bone-marrow progenitor cells?

A

colony-stimulating factors (CSF)

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14
Q

what are two types of chemokines and what do they do?

A

affect leukocyte movement
monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) attracts monocytes
interleukin-8 (IL-8) attracts neutrophils

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15
Q

what are the primary mechanisms utilized by the innate immune system to combat extracellular bacteria?

A

complement activation
phagocytosis
inflammatory response

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16
Q

what do macrophages produce in response to bacterial products?

A

TNF-alpha
IL-1
chemokines

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17
Q

what acts on vascular endothelium to induce the expression of adhesion molecules at the site of infection?

A

TNF-alpha and IL-1

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18
Q

what induces the secretion of IL-8 by endothelial cells?

A

action of TNF-alpha and IL-1 on vascular endothelium

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19
Q

what does TNF-alpha stimulate in neutrophils?

A

microbial activities

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20
Q

what induces fever?

A

TNF-alpha and IL-1 lead to increase synthesis prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) which acts in the hypothalamus

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21
Q

what is prolonged production of TNF-alpha associated with?

A

cachexia

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22
Q

how do macrophages and dendritic cells respond to intracellular bacteria?

A

secrete IL-12 which induces local production of IFN-gamma (produced by natural killer cells)

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23
Q

what do macrophages do after being exposed to IFN-gamma?

A

destroy phagocytized bacteria present in phagosomes or phagolysosomes

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24
Q

what does cytokine-mediated innate immunity against viruses consist of?

A

inhibition of infection by type I IFNs
NK cell-mediated killing of virus-infected cells

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25
Q

what do IFN-alpha and IFN-beta do to infected and neighboring uninfected cells?

A

cause them to synthesize a number of enzymes, which interfere with viral transcription and replication
uninflected host cell that has responses to these and is resistant to viral infection is in “antiviral state”

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26
Q

what stimulates the proliferation and cytotoxic function of NK cells?

A

IL-15
IL-12

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27
Q

what determines the differentiation of a naive CD4+ T cell into a particular Th cell subset or induced Treg?

A

cytokines secreted by the innate immune response
not random process

28
Q

what does IL-12 induce naive Th cells to do?

A

differentiate towards Th1 subset which produce IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha

29
Q

what does IFN-gamma do?

A

promotes Th cells to differentiate into Th1
activates macrophages to kill
promotes class switching in B cells

30
Q

what are the most important cytokines that lead to cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against intracellular microbes?

A

IL-12 and/or type I IFNs

31
Q

when an intracellular pathogen can induce strong innate cytokine responses ie strong IL-12 and/or type I IFN responses, help from _____________________ to generate ____________________ is not required

A

Th1 cytokines
CTL responses

32
Q

true/false: the Th1 pathway is known to facilitate cell-mediated or cellular immunity

A

true

33
Q

what does Th2 differentiation occur in response to and what do they produce?

A

antigens
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

34
Q

what are the functions of IL-4?

A

differentiation Th to Th2
stimulates B cell Ig heavy chain class switching to IgE
class switching to IgG subclasses

35
Q

what type of immunity is the Th2 pathway known to facilitate?

A

humoral immunity

36
Q

what type of immunity is the Th1 pathway known to facilitate?

A

cell-mediated or cellular immunity

37
Q

what is the key cytokine that Th17 cells produce?

A

IL-17

38
Q

what does IL-17 do?

A

stimulates TNF-alpha, G-CSF, neutrophil chemotactic chemokine IL-8
production antimicrobial peptides

39
Q

what do induced or adaptive regulatory T cells (Tregs) produce?

A

TGF-beta and IL-10 which suppress inflammatory response

40
Q

what is sepsis?

A

bacterial infection in bloodstream or body tissues

41
Q

what is septic shock or endotoxin shock?

A

from sepsis
cardiovascular collapse, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and hypoglycemia

42
Q

what happens in septic shock to IL-1 and TNF-alpha?

A

too much
cause systemic clinical and pathological abnormalities

43
Q

what does TNF-alpha do that leads to shock?

A

increased expression pro-coagulation protein and decreased expression anti-coagulation proteins on endothelial cells

44
Q

what does nitric oxide do to the heart?

A

produced by cardiac myocytes
inhibition myocardial contractility and leads to heart failure

45
Q

true/false: systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is related to organ failure due to the escape of fluid from blood into extra vascular space which leads to organ dysfunction and failure

A

true

46
Q

what is acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by?

A

leakage fluid into lungs

47
Q

what cytokines are produced in superantigen-mediated toxic shock?

A

IL-1 and TNF-alpha by macrophages
also others

48
Q

true/false: a cytokine generally binds with a few different types of receptors on the surface of a cell to exert its function(s)

A

false: only one type of receptor

49
Q

true/false: some cytokines can have endocrine action. for example, they can get into the blood stream and act on the bone marrow progenitor cells

A

true

50
Q

true/false: both Th1 and Th2 responses can lead to class switching to IgG type of antibodies

A

true

51
Q

true/false:IL-8 cytokine can help neutrophils with locating pathogens in an inflammatory site

A

true: IL-8 attracts neutrophils and MCP-1 attracts monocytes

52
Q

true/false: effects of IFN alpha and IFN beta lead to an antiviral state in uninfected cells

A

true

53
Q

what is the function of IL-5?

A

activates and stimulates differentiation and growth of eosinophils

54
Q

what is the function of IL-13?

A

stimulated mucus production of goblet cells of airways and gut

55
Q

what is the function of IL-4 and IL-13 together?

A

stimulates peristalsis of gut to promote elimination of helminths

56
Q

what is the Th2 pathway known to facilitate?

A

humoral immunity

57
Q

with extracellular bacteria in tissues, macrophages respond to bacterial products by producing ________________________________________

A

TNF-alpha, IL-1, and chemokines

58
Q

what do TNF-alpha and IL-1 stimulate?

A

extravasation
microbicidal activities neutrophils (only TNF-alpha)
IL-8 (attracts neutrophils)
fever (prostaglandin E2)

59
Q

in viral infections, ______________ are secreted by the virus-infected cells, and APCs

A

type 1 interferons (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta)

60
Q

IL-15 stimulates the ________________ of NK cells
IL-12 enhances the ________________ of NK cells

A

proliferation
cytotoxic function

61
Q

IL-12 induces naive Th cells towards the ______ subset, which produces ____________

A

Th1
IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha

62
Q

what induces recruitment of leukocytes and inflammation?

A

TNF-alpha

63
Q

______ differentiation occurs in response to antigens

A

Th2

64
Q

Th2 cells produce _________________________

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

65
Q

what does IL-5 do?

A

activates eosinophils and stimulates growth/differentiation

66
Q

____ differentiation occurs in response to extracellular bacteria and fungi

A

Th-17

Immunology (21 decks)

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