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Immunology > B Cell Development > Flashcards

B Cell Development Flashcards

1
Q

what happens in primary lymphoid organs?

A

initial lymphocyte development occurs (also V(D)J recombination)

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2
Q

what happens in secondary lymphoid organs?

A

antigens are trapped and brought into contact with lymphocytes to induce an immune response

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3
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) (Peyer’s patches, tonsils, appendix)

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4
Q

from what do B cells develop?

A

pluripotent stem cells in the red bone marrow

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5
Q

in what species is the gut the major site of B cell development?

A

rabbit, cattle, sheep, swine

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6
Q

are the early differentiated stages of B cell development antigen independent or antigen dependent?

A

antigen independent

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7
Q

what do hematopoietic stem cells lead to?

A

B lymphocytes, first distinguishable is pro-B cell

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8
Q

what cell comes after pro-B cells?

A

pre-B cells

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9
Q

what does the pre-B cell make?

A

mu heavy chains but no light chains
mu heavy chain paired with a surrogate light chain

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10
Q

what do immature B cells express?

A

IgM with two full heavy chains and two full light chains

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11
Q

what happens after an antigen is recognized by the membrane IgM of an immature B cell?

A

apoptosis (clonal deletion) or inactivation (anergy)

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12
Q

what do mature B cells express at their surface?

A

IgM and IgD

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13
Q

what does the interaction of a mature B cell with an antigen lead to?

A

activation

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14
Q

what happens if an activated B cell receives appropriate signals (cytokines) from T cells?

A

class (isotype) switching for some of them

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15
Q

does the light chain change after an activated B cell receives cytokines from T cells?

A

no, except for somatic hypermutation (somatic point mutations)

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16
Q

have memory B cells undergone class switching?

A

yes

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17
Q

do memory B cells secrete Ig?

A

no

18
Q

what is membrane Ig expressed at the surface with?

A

transmembrane molecule Ig alpha and Ig beta

19
Q

what are Ig alpha and Ig beta?

A

signal transduction molecules

20
Q

what is the B cell receptor?

A

Ig along with the Ig alpha and Ig beta heterodimer

21
Q

what composes the surrogate light chains?

A

lambda 5 and VpreB

22
Q

what is the receptor on the pre-B cell?

A

pre-B receptor

23
Q

what are the clinical and experimental applications of antibodies?

A

diagnostic
therapeutic
vaccination
basic research

24
Q

why are antibodies prepared from serum called polyclonal antibodies?

A

antisera contain a heterogeneous collection of antibodies derived from different B cell clones

25
Q

how are hybridomas formed?

A

fusing immortal (cancer) cells with B cells producing antibodies

26
Q

what are chimeric antibodies?

A

antibodies with mouse variable regions that have been engineered to have human constant regions

27
Q

what is enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)?

A

an antigen antibody reaction

28
Q

is is possible to produce human monoclonal antibodies from mice?

A

yes, they have human heavy and light chain Ig loci inserted into their genomes

29
Q

what is titration ELISA used for?

A

to determine the magnitude of the antibody response in body fluids against specific antigens

30
Q

what are the ELISA types?

A

direct
indirect
competitive (not that common)
sandwich

31
Q

what is coating in direct ELISA?

A

the immobilization of antigen, antibodies, or any other compound directly on the well surface, for the purpose of a binding assay

32
Q

what is indirect ELISA often used to determine?

A

antibody titers against antigens

33
Q

true/false: in the absence of T helper cell help, B cells only make IgM?

A

true

34
Q

true/false: in the absence of T helper cell help, B cells will make a strong secondary IgG response

A

false: need helper T cells to induce class switching to make memory B cells to get the strong secondary response

35
Q

true/false: in the absence of T helper cell help, germinal centers will not form

A

true: only primary follicles

36
Q

what is immunofluorescence assay (IFA)?

A

powerful technique that utilizes antibodies labeled with fluorescent dyes to detect specific target antigens

37
Q

what are the most common immunofluorescence assays (IFA)?

A

direct and indirect

38
Q

true/false: follicular dendritic cells have antigens bound to their surface which plays a role in affinity maturation of antibody molecules

A

true

39
Q

true/false: cytokines released by Th cells are required for class switching recombination

A

true

40
Q

how does flow cytometry work?

A

antibodies labeled with fluorochromes and the labeled cells are detected using a flow cytometer

Immunology (21 decks)

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