Intro To Profession Of Nursing Flashcards
Professional nursing promotes…X4
- Responsibility 2. Accountability 3. Confidentiality 4. Advocacy
What are the four main ethic philosophies?
- Deontology 2. Utilitarianism 3. Feminism 4. Ethics of care
What does deontology mean?
Commitment to respect “rightness” of autonomy
What are the seven steps to processing an ethical dilemma?
- Is this a dilemma? 2. Gather info 3. Clarification (fact, opinion, value) 4. Verbalize problem/simple statement 5. Course of action 6. Negotiate a plan 7. Evaluate plan overtime
Where else can a nurse reach out in an ethical dilemma?
Ethics committee at the institution
What are the four issues in healthcare ethics?
- Quality-of-life 2. Genetic counseling 3. End-of-life 4. Access to care
What are the five standards of ethics?
- Autonomy 2. Beneficence 3. Nonmaleficence 4. Justice 5. Fidelity
What are the 3 main differences in values?
- Changing professional roles 2. Technological advances 3. Social issues
What does it mean to be a Regis Nurse x3
1) Holistic approach 2) Advocate 3) Critical Thinking
Nursing as an art…..x4
Compassion, Respect, Dignity, Creativity
Nursing as a science…x2
Research, knowledge
Virginia Henderson
to assist the individual, sick or well
Martha Rogers
The Science of Unitary human beings, concerned with all people
Dorothea Orem
Nurse-Patient Relationship
ANA in ‘73
needs of the individual, family, community
ANA ‘80
Diagnosis
ANA ‘95
subjective objective data
ANA ‘03
Experience, science, responses, social & public policy
Kolvenbach
MEN and WOMEN FOR others. Respect no matter what background
Ignatius Tradition
value-centered choices. How we should live, Critical thinking Social responsibility
The main objected of the class x3
1) Service Learning 2) Didactus 3) Lab/Clinical
NANDA
North American Nursing Diagnosis Association
NIC
Nursing INTERVENTIONS
Gordon’s Functional Health Pattern
Health history//ADL’s
What are the 3 types of diagnosis
1) Actual 2) Risk for 3) wellness
PES stands for
Problem, Etiology, Signs & Symptoms
What is an infection?
Invasion of a pathogen host resulting in disease
Infections are NOT necessarily…
communicable (meningitus, pnemonia)
Virulence
ability to produce disease
What is the ideal temp for most pathogens
68-109F or 20-43 C
What are the super bugs known in hospitals- or these you need to use soap and water
NORA virus, MRSA, C-Diff, VRE, TB
Edema means
localized swelling
Phagocytosis means
destruction and absorption of bacteria
In what order do you put on your PPE
1) Mask, 2)Glasses, 3)Gown, 4) Gloves
What does exudates mean?
fluid and cells discharged from blood vessels
What are 3 types of exudates
1)Serous- clear/ plasma 2)Sanguineous- RBCs 3)Purulent- WBCs
Pathogens include x7
1) Bacteria 2)Viruses 3)Fungi 4)Protozoa 5)Prions 6)Norma flora in wrong places
What is your primary intervention
maintain, improve wellness, immunization, nutrition
Secondary intervention
diagnosis followed by prompt intervention
Tertiary Intervention
prevent complications, undue deterioration, & rehab
Types of Living reservoirs
humans, animals, insects
Types of non-living reservoirs
fomites, floors, equipment water
What is the difference between charity & justice?
justice seeks fairness//longterm, Charity is giving support immediate
What does c/o mean?
Complaints of
What does SMART stand for in the planning phase
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timed
What are the 4 components of NANDA
1)Planning 2)Outcome 3) Identity 4)Intervention
What is our bodies’ primary defense
skin
what is our bodies’ secondary defense
phagocytosis, fever
what is our bodies’ tertiary defense
b-cells, t-cells
What are examples of portal entry/exit
lines tubes, skin, mucous, respiratory tract, UTI, Reproductive tract, blood
Which is better to block portal exit or portal exit
Portal Exit, because blocking entry to others. Keeps it contained.
What causes some people to be suceptible to infection
age, genetics, nutrition, substance abuse
What does malaise mean & is this local or systemic?
Fatigue, systemic
What are the 4 stages of infection
1) Incubation (no symptoms yet) 2)Prodromal (not feeling well) 3)Illness (stay away) 4)Convalescence (starting to feel better)
If an HAI infection is endogenous, could that be your fault..
not necessarily
What are the 5 necessary components of handwashing
1)soap 2)water 3)friction 4)time 5)alcohol based products
AEB stands for..
As Evidence By
What are 6 components of ADL
1) Bathing/showering 2)Hair care 3)Oral Care 4)Nail and foot Care 5)Perineal 6)Shaving
What are the main purposes of hygiene care x 3
1) maintenance of personal hygiene 2)Protection 3)Improve circulation (blood clots, pressure ulcers)
7 factors that influence hygiene and self care
1) psychosocial 2)personal pref 3)culture/religion (male, female) 4)Economic status 5)development 6)Knowledge 7)phys health
Nurse’s Role for ADL’s x 4
1) assess self care abilities 2)provide assistance w self care/independence 3)promote 4)delegate
ADL Assessment x 3
1) Client’s personal preference 2) integumentary sys 3) communication opportunities
Immobility and ADL can cause risk for
pressure ulcers,
incontinence means
involuntary urinary leakage
Anema means
RBC deficient and pallor
How should you rub a patient when bathing
distal to proximal. Move towards heart.
What should you check for with compression stockings..
1)Not the right size 2)Need to remove every 8 hrs
What is tissue ischemia
restriction in blood supply to organ
-Emia pertains to
blood flow
What are some examples of a diagnosis pertaining to integumentary?
- self care deficient
- ineffective health maintenance
UAP stands for
Unlicensed assisted personnel
“CNA”
What should you inform the UAP of
- limitations
- amt assistance needed
- assisted devices
- presence and care of tubes
- observation to make during hygiene care
What are common types of baths
- Assist- hard to reach areas
- Partial- necessary areas (perineum)
- Complete- head to toe
What are some other types of baths- x5
- towel
- bag/packaged
- shower
- tub
- therapeutic
What should the temperature be for a bath?
105 F
What can poor dental care cause?
- CV disease
- diabetes
- malnutrition
- stroke
- pneumonia
What should you do if a patient is unconscious
position to avoid choking
What can good oral care facilitate?
- improved appetite
In a care plan what might you say for evaluation of ADLs?
how patient tolerated the procedure, give more.
What is an independent nursing judgement
vital signs
What type of information do vital signs give you?
objective data
When should you contact RRT (regional response team)
- if worriend about PT
- abnormal RR, BP, HR
- neuro
- acute urinary
A nurse is responsible for what aspect of vital signs
interpreting results
How frequently should you take vitals
- docs orders
- facility standards
- at your judgment
Should you analyze some vital signs or all of them?
all
Should you communicate to patient what their vitals signs are?
yes
What are the standards for taking vitals at a hosptial
every 4-8 hours
What are the standards for taking vitals for home health
ea. visit
What are the standards for taking vitals at a clinic
each visit
Why do some elders become malnourished or dehydrated
staffing issues, not enought time
Other times to take vitals..
- admission
- change in condition
- symptms
- pre-post surgery
- pre-post medication (cv sys)
- pre-post nursing interventions
What body part controls your body’s temperature
hypothalamus
About how much higher is your core temperature vs skin temperature
about 1-2 F (dont just add)
What is normal for an infants temperature
- unstable
- make sure to keep warm to prevent hyperthermia
What device is typically used to check a child’s temperature?
- tympanic or temporal
Where do you check elder’s temperature
lower core temp
pyrexia means
fever
pyrogens are
bacteria or viruses
what is another word for fever
febrile
FUO stands for
fever of unknown origin
this is necessary in the OR and is a hereditary response to anasthetic agents
malignant hyperthermia
What are types of Thermostats
- electronic
- Infrared (tympanic)
- scanning infrared (temporal)
- Temp sensitive tape
- Chem disposable
- rectal (most accurate)
What are common causes in changes in temperature
- fever
- hyperexia > 105.8
- hyperthermia
- hypothermia < 95F
1 degree celsius is equal to an increase in how many beats per min
10
FERPA students
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Acts
Nursing Research
- examine phenomena important to nursing
- a guide to making clinical decisions
Who was the first nurse researchers?
Florence
What was early research focused on
education
What is the focus of research now?
patient care
Steps to EBP x6
- Ask clinical question
- Collect evidence
- Critique evidence
- integrate
- evaluate
- share outcomes
What does PICOT stand for regarding research?
- Patient population
- Intervention
- Comparison
- Outcome
- Timeframe
Who says we need to do research as a means of improving health and welfare of people?
international council of nursing
Examples of nursing sensitive outcome measure?
- discharge planning
- fall risks
- patient wait time
- safety
Scientific Method
- foundation of research
- quantitative vs qualitative
What is Quantitative Date
- objective
- systematic
- numeric
Qualitataive
- subjective
- descriptive
- promote understanding
What percent of hospitalized patients are malnourished
40-50%
The proportion of essential nutrients to the number of kilocalories present in a food is
Nutrient density
BMR stands for
basal metabolic rate, low if in bed all day
When a body is ill what do you need
- nitrogen balance
- proteins
What is a problem with consuming alcohol and nutrition?
- renal function
- GI peristalsis
- HCI and digestive enzymes
- Liver Mass
- Thiamine/Vitamin B
Dyarthria
- difficulty chewing
- signs-
- pocketing food, slurred speech
Dysphagia
- difficulty swallowing
- signs
- coughing
- Speech therapy
What are nursing diagnoses for nutrion
- inadequate intake
- self-care deficit
- fluid volume deficite
- nutrition imbalances less/more than requirement
NPO stands for
nothing by mouth
DAT
Diet as tolerated
Diet after a procedure
- clear liquid
- full liquid-milk shake
- pureed
- ground
- mechanical soft-mashed potatoes
- soft
- regular
Disease modification
- Diabetes
- Renal Disease/Kidney
- Protein
- Low residue-easily digestible
- BRAT
Restrictions for nutrition
- sodium
- fat
- calories
- protein
What does BRAT stand for
- Banana
- Rice
- Apple sauce
- Toast
What foods should be avoided for low residue diet?
- Fruits
- Vegetables
What is enteral nutrition?
- nutrients through GI tract
- “tube feeding”
- know there is many diff types
Parenteral feeding means?
- short-term
- central venous line
Ventilation means..
gas in and out of lungs
What do we look for in the respiratory rate
rhtymn, rate, depth, quality, effectiveness
What can cause low respiration?
brain injury, pain meds
eupnea means
normal breathing
apnea
means temp not breathing
Cheyne Stokes
irregular shallow breathing, period of panea. Death approaching..
What is the primary purpose of hand hygiene?
to prevent or control the transmission of infection from any source.
When delegating patient care that requires nursing assistive personnel (NAP) to use personal protective equipment (PPE), it is necessary for the nurse to do what first?
Review the patient’s need for a specific isolation precaution
In which situation would it be appropriate for the nurse to use an antiseptic hand rub to perform hand hygiene?
The nurse’s hands are not visibly soiled.
What is the primary reason for performing perineal care on a male patient with incontinence?
To reduce the risk of skin breakdown in the patient’s genital and perineal area
A patient with difficulty breathing requests a back massage. In which position would the nurse instruct nursing assistive personnel (NAP) to place the patient during the massage?
Side-lying
As the nurse is preparing to provide perineal care to a female patient with limited mobility, the patient says, “I can do that myself.” Which action would be the priority?
Assess the patient’s ability to perform proper perineal care.
What temperature should the water be when bathing a patient?
Warm
The nurse is delegating a female patient’s perineal care to nursing assistive personnel (NAP). What instruction would the nurse give to ensure the NAP’s safety while performing this care?
wear clean gloves
The nurse is assisting a patient with a tub bath. After the patient has been safely positioned in the tub, he tells the nurse, “I’ll call you when I’m done.” What is the nurse’s best response?
check back in 5 min
The nurse is preparing to provide perineal care for a female patient who is on bed rest. Which patient position should the nurse use for this care?
dorsal recumbent
A patient is being given a bed bath. The nurse realizes that another washcloth is needed to complete the bath. What is one way in which the nurse can ensure the patient’s safety?
Make sure the call light is within reach
The nurse is bathing a patient who is unconscious. What should the nurse do to ensure safe care of the patient’s eyes?
Use eye patches or shields taped in place.
As the nurse is preparing to provide perineal care to a female patient with limited mobility, the patient says, “I can do that myself.” Which action would be the priority?
Assess the patient’s ability to perform proper perineal care.
The nurse observes the nursing assistive personnel (NAP) providing perineal care to a male patient. Which observation of care requires the nurse’s follow-up?
Reserving the cleansing of the tip of the penis as the final step in perineal care
A patient with left-sided muscle weakness is prescribed a bath every other day. Which precaution would help the nurse reduce this patient’s risk of falling?
Decline the patient’s request to add scented oil to the bathwater.
A male patient receiving perineal care tells the nurse “It has started to hurt a little down there.” What is the nurse’s best response?
“When did you start experiencing the pain?”
What will the nurse do right after placing a clean top sheet on the patient?
Remove the bath blanket
The nurse is directing nursing assistive personnel (NAP) to make an occupied bed. What will the nurse say to minimize the risk of disease transmission to staff and patient during the bed change?
“You’ll need to apply Standard Precautions during this task.”
A nursing assistive personnel (NAP) has finished making a surgical bed for a patient in surgery. How would the nurse instruct the NAP to leave the bed to transfer the surgical patient safely?
Raise the height of the bed.
When making a surgical bed with no patient present, at which time is it unnecessary to perform hand hygiene?
After disposing of soiled linen that is not visibly soiled
Comparing the changes in vital signs as a person ages-components…
- Respiratory rate remains fairly stable throughout a person’s life.
- Blood pressure increases; heart rate and respiratory rate decline
- Men have higher blood pressure than women until after menopause
