💉- Ethics, Pain & Pressure Ulcer Test Flashcards
Moral outrage
Belief that others are acting immorally
Powerlessness:
- can’t prevent a “wrong”
- respond with “whistleblowing”
List 5 factors that affect moral decisions
Developmental stage Values Ethical framework Ethical principals Professional guidelines
List 3 things that affect ethical decisions
Values , attitudes , beliefs
What is moral or ethical agency
For nurses is the ability to base their practice on professional standards of ethical conduct and to participate in ethical decision making
Values
Belief about the worth of something
Freely chosen; often learned
Attitudes
Feelings toward person, object, idea
What a person thinks
Beliefs
Something that one accepts as true
Not always bases on fact
Name the 5 principles of ethics
Nonmaleficence Beneficence Fidelity Veracity Justice
Nonmaleficence
Do no harm
Beneficence
Duty to do good
Fidelity
Loyalty
Veracity
Tell the truth
Justice
Be fair
List the 5 professional nursing values
Altruism Autonomy Human dignity Integrity Social justice
Altruism
Being concerned about well being of others
Autonomy
Right to choose what they do/informed consent
Human dignity
Having respect for people
Integrity
Nursing code of ethics
Social justice
Treating everybody fairly
What does it mean to be an advocate
You work to protect and support another persons rights
- commitment is always to patient not co worker or institution
- promoting the patients dignity
- evaluating the patients autonomy
- acting as the patients voice when they can’t
What does HIPAA stand for
The health insurance portability and accountability act
EMTALA
Emergency medical treatment and active labor act
Requires healthcare facilities to provide emergency medical treatment to patients regardless of ability to pay and citizenship status
PSDA
Patient self determination act
Recognizes the patients right to make decisions regarding his own healthcare
ADA
Americans with disabilities act
Provides protection against discrimination of individuals with disabilities
What do nurse practice acts do
Statutory laws passed by EACH STATE’s legislative body that define the practice of nursing ; scope of practice
Where can the nursing practice acts he located
On the state board of nursing website
American nurses association code of ethics
Describes the standards of professional responsibility for nurses and provides insight into ethical and acceptable behavior
Is not a law
The ANA guarantees the patient the right to
Dignity, privacy and safety
What is criminal law
Wrongs or offenses against society
Ex: felonies and misdemeanors
What is civil law
Disputes between individuals
Ex: contact law and tort law
What are tort laws
Wrongs done to one person by another person that do not involve contracts
What are Quasi-intentional torts ? And give 2 examples
Involve actions that injure a persons reputation
Ex: libel or slander
Libel
Is the written or published form of defamation of character
Slander
Is the spoken or verbal form of defamation of character
What are Intentional torts ? And list 4 examples
An action taken by one person with the intent to harm another person
Ex:assault/battery, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy and fraud
Fraud
Is the false representation of significant facts by words or by conduct
What are unintentional torts ? And give 2 examples
Negligence and malpractice
Malpractice
Failure to act as a ‘reasonable and prudent’ nurse / failure to do what a reasonable and prudent nurse would do in the same situation
Plaintiff
The person bringing the lawsuit
Defendant
The person who must defend against the lawsuit
To win and recover damages (money) in a malpractice lawsuit , the plaintiff must prove what 4 things
Duty
Breach of duty
Causation
Damages
Where would find national patient safety goals
On the joint commission website
List 5 safety risks in the healthcare facility
- falls
- equipment failure/accidents
- fire
- restraints
- never events
What are NEVER events
Can cause serious injury or death to a patient and should never happen in a hospital
List 8 examples of NEVER events
1 foreign objects 2 air embolism 3 wrong blood 4 pressure ulcers 5 infections from urinary or IV catheters 6 uncontrolled blood sugar 7 surgical site infections 8 vte (deep vein thrombosis)
What does the acronym RACE stand for
R- rescue
A- activate
C- confine
E- extinguish
What does the acronym PASS stand for
P- pull
A- aim
S- squeeze
S- sweep
What is a restraint
Anything that restricts a patients freedom to move
List 5 hazards to healthcare workers
1 biological hazards (infectious diseases/biological weapons) 2 back/neck/body injuries 3 needle stick injuries 4 radiation exposure 5 violence
What are the 3 domains of learning
Cognitive , psychomotor , affective learning
What is cognitive learning
Is storing and recalling information in the brain
Ex: asking a question over something you just said / lecture and test questions
What is psychomotor learning
Is learning a skill that requires both mental and physical activity
Ex: demonstrating how to perform an action, like an insulin injection / skill lab and check offs
What is affective learning
Is changes in feelings, beliefs, attitudes and values
Ex: how do you feel about a diagnosis? What are your fears / clinical experiences and reflective journaling
How can you determine that learning occurred
You must document your teaching and the clients verbalized response
Body mechanics
Is the way we move our bodies
What are the 4 components of body mechanics
Body alignment (posture)
Balance
Coordination
Joint mobility (bend, sit, move, etc)
What is isometric exercise
Muscle contraction without motion
What is isotonic exercise
Movement of joint with muscle contraction (free weights)
What is isokinetic exercise
Using equipment to provide resistance against movement (weight machines)
Aerobic exercise
The amount of oxygen taken in during activity meets the bodies needs (walking, jogging, bicycling)
Anaerobic exercise
Amount of oxygen taken in during activity doesn’t meet the bodies needs (lifiting, sprinting)
List 4 nursing measures to promote activity and exercise
- promote exercise
- positioning patients
- helping the client out of bed
- assisting with ambulation
What is a trochanter roll
Goes from top of the hip to knee; to prevent external hip rotation
What is orthopneic position
Sitting at a 90degree angle with tray over bed and elbows laying on top in a triangle
What is fowlers position
Is a semi sitting position, in which the head of the bed is elevated 45-60 degrees
Semi-fowlers position
Head of the bed is elevated only 30 degrees
High fowlers position
Head of the bed is elevated to 90degrees
What is lateral position
Side-lying position with the top hip and knee flexed and placed in front of the rest of the body
Prone position
That patient lies on his abdomen with his head turned to one side
Sims position
Is a semi prone position
Used to give enemas
Supine position
Patients lies on his back with head and shoulders elevated on a small pillow
What are conditioning exercises
Things that you have the patient do to make sure they can stand before ambulation
Health
Could be considered as the highest level of physical, emotional and social functioning possible for any given individual
Illness
Could be considered anything that prevents an individual from achieving their highest possible level of health
Meaningful work
Is doing something that you enjoy
That contributes to health
Competing demands
Is when life still goes on even though you’re sick
A factor that disrupts health
Acute
Nature of illness
Sudden onset and lasts short time
Ex: cold
Chronic
Nature of Illness
6 months or greater
Ex: diabetes , AIDS
Remission
Symptoms are minimal to none
Exacerbation
Symptoms ‘flare-up’
Hardiness
Ones ability to survive, will to live, adapting to change
Burn-out
Too many demands over too long a period
What is psychosocial health
Includes our mental health, emotions and how we interact with those around us
Self-concept
Who YOU think you are
Development level
Is the part of self-concept where the older you get the less you’re concerned about what others think
Role performance
Is a component of self concept ; things that we do (behavior and actions) to fulfill a certain role
True or false: low levels of anxiety are necessary
True
Depressed mood is typically marked by
A sense of emptiness
List 6 signs of depression
- depressed mood most of the day nearly everyday for at least 2 weeks/diminished interest or pleasure in activities the person previously enjoyed
- insomnia or hypersomnia
- loss of energy
- feelings of worthlessness
- diminished ability to concentrate
- recurrent thoughts of death
What is depersonalization
The feeling that people are doing things ‘to’ you instead of ‘with’ you
Lack of control over what’s being done to them
List 9 warning signs of suicide
1 withdrawal 2 desire to be left alone 3 risk-taking behavior 4 changes in routine 5 changes in eating 6 giving away belongings 7 personality changes 8 saying goodbye 9 talking about suicide
Affect
Feelings
Anhedonia
A loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyable activities
What are the 4 health and illness roles of the nurse
Promote health
Prevent illness
Restore health
Facilitate coping
What is health promotion
“A desire to increase your well being”
Finding ways to help ourselves, or our patients, heal or maintain a state of physical, spiritual and mental well-being
What is Primary prevention ? And give examples
Activities are designed to prevent or slow the onset of disease
Ex: diet, exercise, wearing sunscreen etc
What is secondary prevention ? And give examples
Involves screening activities and education for detecting illnesses in the early stages
Ex: screenings (breast, testicular exams) BP and diabetes screening, tb skin test
Education
Family counseling
What is Tertiary prevention ? Give examples
Focuses on stopping the disease from processing and returning the individual to the pre-illness phase
Ex: medications: Lipitor (treats high cholesterol) , surgical/rehab/PT
Stratum corneum
The outermost layer of skin
Stratum germinativum
The innermost layer is the epidermis, continually produces new cells pushing the older cells towards the skin surface
