Intro to Preventative Health & Wellness

Question 1

What is the triad of health indicated by the WHO (World Health Organization)

Answer 1

• Physical
• Mental
• Social

Question 2

Define health behavior

Answer 2

• Action taken by an individual to promote health & wellbeing

Question 3

Define health education

Answer 3

• Combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals & communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes

Question 4

Define health promotion

Answer 4

• Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
• Encompasses social & environmental interventions

Question 5

Define the differences between medical, medically directed behaviors, and self-directed health behaviors

Answer 5

• Medical: regular physician visit, vaccination, screening
• Medically directed: dietary, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive
• Self-directed: diet, exercise, smoking cessation, responsible alcohol consumption, responsible alcohol consumption

Question 6

Define the differences between health impairing and health enhancing

Answer 6

• Impairing: direct harmful effects on health or otherwise predispose individuals to disease
• Enhancing: direct health benefits or otherwise protect individuals from disease

Question 7

What are the determinants of health

Answer 7

• Biology
• Behavior
• Social environment
• Physical environment
• Policies

Question 8

What are the two types of health beliefs that make a behavior in response to illness more or less attractive

Answer 8

• Perceived threat of illness
• Perceived efficiency of behaviors to counteract

Question 9

Define the health belief model (HBM)

Answer 9

• A psychological model that attempts to explain & predict health behaviors of communities by focusing on attitudes & beliefs of the individuals

Question 10

The health belief model includes what 6 factors

Answer 10

• Perceived susceptibility: risk of acquiring health condition
• Perceived severity: current events
• Perceived benefits: efficiency & impact of intervention
• Perceived barriers: time, cost, & discomfort related to exercise
• Cues to action
• Self efficacy

Question 11

Sociodemographic factors are positively and negatively influenced by what factors

Answer 11

• Positively: youth, wealth, education, social support
• Negatively: stress and lack of the aforementioned

Question 12

What is the difference between health and wellness

Answer 12

• Health: static
• Wellness dynamic, habits/practices over time

Question 13

Differences between individual, group-level, and policy-level interventions for wellness and prevention

Answer 13

• Individual: pre-participation screening, ergonomics, biometrics
• Group: backpack interventions, helmet use, ergonomics, smoking cessation
• Policy: like group-level but on a grander scale

Question 14

Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention

Answer 14

• Primary: strategies to avoid illness/disease/injury onset
• Secondary: strategies to decrease illness/disease/injury duration & sequelae
• Tertiary: strategies to increase function, decrease disability in cases of chronic disease

Question 15

Describe the humanistic model of wellness

Answer 15

• 3 dimensions: physical, mental, social
• Physical sub-dimensions: Diseases & medical conditions, drugs, nutrition, fitness, flexibility, & body composition
• Mental sub-dimensions: Diseases & medical conditions, intellectual stimulation, emotions, behavior-type pattern, locus of control, hardiness, stress, happiness
• 3 learning domains: cognitive, psychomotor, affective

Question 16

What are the 7 stages of wellness

Answer 16

1) Primordial: does not recognize health related problem
2) Pre-contemplation: acknowledges problem but no intention to change
3) Contemplation: understands behavior/health link but ambivalent about what to do
4) Preparation: made choice to change behavior
5) Action: initiates behavioral change
6) Maintenance: regularly practicing new behavior
7) Permanent maintenance: behavior is reinforced & individual is intrinsically motivated to continue behavior

Question 17

Define the differences between lapse and relapse

Answer 17

• Lapse: a temporary cessation of a healthy behavior, no adverse events
• Relapse: a longer cessation with adverse consequences

Question 18

Define a direct and indirect

Answer 18

• Direct: objective measure, usually quantifiable & relatively precise, not necessarily indicative of QoL
• Indirect: subjective measure, quantifiable, potential to be more patient-oriented

Question 19

What are the 4 main PT services

Answer 19

• Restorative
• Maintenance
• Prevention: significant functional benefit not anticipated; not typically reimbursed by insurance companies
• Wellness: improve wellness practices of an individual or group; related to physical, mental, and/or social domains

Question 20

Define the differences between skilled care and maintenance care

Answer 20

• Skilled: management, observation, or evaluation by trained staff; skilled intervention of pathology/injury associated with functional limitations necessitating complex intervention that requires a PT/PTA
• Maintenance: palliative/unskilled; routine services promoting or maintaining general health; may by provided by non-licensed individual after training from a skilled professional; generally not reimbursed

Question 21

What bMI is considered overweight versus obesity

Answer 21

• Overweight: ≥25
• Obesity: ≥30

Question 22

What is classified as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia

Answer 22

• HTN: Systolic ≥140; Diastolic ≥90
• Hypercholesterolemia: total blood cholesterol ≥200mg/dL; LDL ≥130mg/dL