-emic Health Flashcards
What attitudes and beliefs contribute to health skepticism
- Inclination toward CAM
- Magical health beliefs
- Natural & intuitive explanations
- Conspiracist ideation
- Extreme regard for personal agency
Disease levels relative to what is “normal for a given area
- Endemic: staus qou
- Epidemic: increase relative to established norm
- Pandemic: increase relative to established norm involving multiple geographic regions
Define outbreak
- Can be interchangeable with epidemic, but often refers to a smaller spike in cases of an as-yet -unidentified pathology
Define cluster
- Similar to outbreak, but can refer to small pockets of cases with a common location or pattern of exposure
What 3 things do epidemics require
- Agents
- Hosts
- Opportunity
Possible factors contributing to greater than normal disease levels
- Increased transmission
- Changes in susceptibility
- Changes in virulence
- Breach of agent into previously unexposed area
Often outbreak patterns and other features can be distinguished visually via an ________________
- Epidemic curve
Define susceptible
- Lacking sufficient resistance to a pathogen to prevent infection
Define index case
- First known case (not necessarily the primary case)
Define exception reporting
- Where routine disease surveillance exists, exception reporting raises flags when case rates exceed baseline by a predetermined level
Define incubation
- Time lapse between exposure and onset of symptoms
Define communicability (period)
- Ability to spread infection
- Period of time during which the infection may be transferred
Define latent period
- Time lapse between exposure and communicability
Define generation time
- Time lapse between onset of infectiousness in a source case to onset of infectiousness in a secondary case
Describe vectors versus vehicles
- Vectors (alive): birds, deer, insects, humans
- Vehicles: air, water, surfaces, anything
Describe basic reproduction number
- Average number of 2ndy infections caused by typical case
- Determinants: contact rate, transmission probability, & infectiousness duration
Describe what (R) the effective reproductive number indicates
- R <1: cases decrease
- R = 1: endemic equilibrium
- R >1: cases increase
Describe herd immunity threshold (HIT)
- Threshold proportion of immunity within a population required for R=1
- HIT = (1 - 1/R0)
Globalization is predicted upon advances that offset what would otherwise be increased vulnerability including
- Nutrition
- Housing
- Sanitation
Higher incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) can be traced to
- Economic growth (or lack thereof)
- Population aging
- Food deserts
- Marketing campaigns
Mechanisms of infectious/non-infectious interactions could include
- Physical activity
- Social isolation
- Job loss
- Lack of access to nutrition and preventative health services
