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pathology and immunity > intro to pathology > Flashcards

intro to pathology Flashcards

1
Q

definition of pathology?

A

study of causes and effects of diseases (encompasses all dental/oral diseases)

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2
Q

why is pathology important in dentistry?

A
  • make correct diagnosis
  • give correct treatment
  • understand systemic diseases
  • make appropriate referrals
  • advise and educate patients
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3
Q

what is AETIOLOGY?

A

cause (set of causes) or manner of causation of a disease or condition

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4
Q

what is MORPHOLOGY?

A

phenotypic changes associated with a disease

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5
Q

what is PATHOGENESIS?

A

progressive changes as a disease develops

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6
Q

what is SEQUALAE?

A

what happens next? after disease develops

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7
Q

what is the aetiology of dental caries?

A

bacterial origin (acidic environment)

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8
Q

what is the morphology of dental caries?

A

tooth decay

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9
Q

what is the pathogenesis of dental caries?

A

fermentation of sugars

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10
Q

what is the sequelae of dental caries?

A
  • fluoride treatments
  • removal of infected tissues
  • fillings and crowns
  • patient advice
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11
Q

what is the aetiology of periodontitis?

A

bacterial origin (tooth decay, plaque)

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12
Q

what is the morphology of periodontitis?

A

gingival tissue inflammation

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13
Q

what is the pathogenesis of periodontitis?

A

bacterial protease activity
elevated pro-inflammatory response etc

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14
Q

what is the sequelae of periodontitis?

A

physical debridement of plaque, removal of infected tissue

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15
Q

what is the aetiology of oral cancer?

A

excessive alcohol, tobacco consumption increases susceptibility

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16
Q

what is the morphology of oral cancer?

A

carcinoma formation

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17
Q

what is the pathogenesis of oral cancer?

A

hyperplasia
dysplasia
carcinoma. formation

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18
Q

what is the sequelae of oral cancer?

A

surgery
radiotherapy
- remission possible

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19
Q

name some branches of pathology?

A
  • clinical
  • forensic
  • general
  • genetic
  • haematology
  • immunopathology
  • microbiology
20
Q

why is it important for dentists to be aware of other body diseases?

A

they are all linked with oral diseases and have oral symptoms

21
Q

what body diseases is periodontitis linked with?

A

Diabetes
Rheumatoid arthritis
Stoke
Alzheimer’s

22
Q

what is a “surgical sieve”?

A

differential diagnosis where clinician must distinguish symptoms of disease or condition from others that present with similar symptoms

23
Q

what is vitamin CDEF?

A

V - vascular
I - infective
T - traumatic
A - autoimmune
M - metabolic
I - iatrogenic
N - neoplastic
C - congenital
D - degenerative
E - endocrine
F - functional

24
Q

what are specialist pathologists?

A

microbiologists
Immunologists etc

25
Q

what are the 4 key organs of our immune system?

A

thymus
bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen

26
Q

what is the thymus?

A

small organ behind breast bone
- where T cells mature

27
Q

what are the lymph nodes?

A

small structures that produce and store cells that fight infection/disease
- get large and sore due to infection

28
Q

what is bone marrow?

A

yellow tissue found in bones
formation of white blood cells that become lymphocytes

29
Q

what is the spleen?

A

largest lymphatic organ
- contains white blood cells
fights infection and disease
controls amount of blood in body

30
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A
  • links key organs
  • drains excess fluid from tissues
  • removes debris from cells of body
  • transports fat from digestive system
31
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

subsystem of circulatory system

32
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

first line of non-specific defence
effective
arise in 1 to 3 days
- regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, rarely causes diseases

33
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

second line of defence
specific and acquired
MEMORY
long lived
arrises in 4 to 10 days
- repeat infections met immediately with strong and specific response

34
Q

what can adaptive immunity be further divided into?
explain….

A

cellular and humoral

B cells ……..

35
Q

what are the 3 components of innate immunity?

A

epithelium - physical barrier
innate cell subsets and complement
chemokines and cytokines

36
Q

what do chemokine do?

A
37
Q

what do cytokines do?

A
38
Q

……..

A
39
Q

what is inflammation?

A

reaction aimed at eliminating inciting cause eg. foreign agent

40
Q

name some inciting agents that cause inflammation?

A
  1. invading microorganisms
  2. particulate materials (dust, joint prostheses eg. denture material)
  3. altered self cells
  4. transformed malignant cells (cancer)
41
Q

what happens during inflammation?

A

INITIATION - response to harmful agents
PROGRESSION - containment of harmful agents
AMPLIFICATION - modulation of immune response
RESOLUTION - healing (acute inflammation)
FAILURE TO RESOLVE - (chronic inflammation)

42
Q

give an example of acute inflammatory disease?

A

gingivitis

43
Q

give an example of chronic inflammatory disease?

A

periodontitis

44
Q

describe acute immune response?

A

appropriate response for threat, resolution when no longer required

45
Q

describe chronic immune response?

A

unresolved, failures in control mechanisms, self-damage

46
Q

what can an inappropriate immune response cause?

A

pathologies

pathology and immunity (10 decks)

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