intro to pathology Flashcards
definition of pathology?
study of causes and effects of diseases (encompasses all dental/oral diseases)
why is pathology important in dentistry?
- make correct diagnosis
- give correct treatment
- understand systemic diseases
- make appropriate referrals
- advise and educate patients
what is AETIOLOGY?
cause (set of causes) or manner of causation of a disease or condition
what is MORPHOLOGY?
phenotypic changes associated with a disease
what is PATHOGENESIS?
progressive changes as a disease develops
what is SEQUALAE?
what happens next? after disease develops
what is the aetiology of dental caries?
bacterial origin (acidic environment)
what is the morphology of dental caries?
tooth decay
what is the pathogenesis of dental caries?
fermentation of sugars
what is the sequelae of dental caries?
- fluoride treatments
- removal of infected tissues
- fillings and crowns
- patient advice
what is the aetiology of periodontitis?
bacterial origin (tooth decay, plaque)
what is the morphology of periodontitis?
gingival tissue inflammation
what is the pathogenesis of periodontitis?
bacterial protease activity
elevated pro-inflammatory response etc
what is the sequelae of periodontitis?
physical debridement of plaque, removal of infected tissue
what is the aetiology of oral cancer?
excessive alcohol, tobacco consumption increases susceptibility
what is the morphology of oral cancer?
carcinoma formation
what is the pathogenesis of oral cancer?
hyperplasia
dysplasia
carcinoma. formation
what is the sequelae of oral cancer?
surgery
radiotherapy
- remission possible
name some branches of pathology?
- clinical
- forensic
- general
- genetic
- haematology
- immunopathology
- microbiology
why is it important for dentists to be aware of other body diseases?
they are all linked with oral diseases and have oral symptoms
what body diseases is periodontitis linked with?
Diabetes
Rheumatoid arthritis
Stoke
Alzheimer’s
what is a “surgical sieve”?
differential diagnosis where clinician must distinguish symptoms of disease or condition from others that present with similar symptoms
what is vitamin CDEF?
V - vascular
I - infective
T - traumatic
A - autoimmune
M - metabolic
I - iatrogenic
N - neoplastic
C - congenital
D - degenerative
E - endocrine
F - functional
what are specialist pathologists?
microbiologists
Immunologists etc
what are the 4 key organs of our immune system?
thymus
bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen
what is the thymus?
small organ behind breast bone
- where T cells mature
what are the lymph nodes?
small structures that produce and store cells that fight infection/disease
- get large and sore due to infection
what is bone marrow?
yellow tissue found in bones
formation of white blood cells that become lymphocytes
what is the spleen?
largest lymphatic organ
- contains white blood cells
fights infection and disease
controls amount of blood in body
what does the lymphatic system do?
- links key organs
- drains excess fluid from tissues
- removes debris from cells of body
- transports fat from digestive system
what is the lymphatic system?
subsystem of circulatory system
what is innate immunity?
first line of non-specific defence
effective
arise in 1 to 3 days
- regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, rarely causes diseases
what is adaptive immunity?
second line of defence
specific and acquired
MEMORY
long lived
arrises in 4 to 10 days
- repeat infections met immediately with strong and specific response
what can adaptive immunity be further divided into?
explain….
cellular and humoral
B cells ……..
what are the 3 components of innate immunity?
epithelium - physical barrier
innate cell subsets and complement
chemokines and cytokines
what do chemokine do?
what do cytokines do?
……..
what is inflammation?
reaction aimed at eliminating inciting cause eg. foreign agent
name some inciting agents that cause inflammation?
- invading microorganisms
- particulate materials (dust, joint prostheses eg. denture material)
- altered self cells
- transformed malignant cells (cancer)
what happens during inflammation?
INITIATION - response to harmful agents
PROGRESSION - containment of harmful agents
AMPLIFICATION - modulation of immune response
RESOLUTION - healing (acute inflammation)
FAILURE TO RESOLVE - (chronic inflammation)
give an example of acute inflammatory disease?
gingivitis
give an example of chronic inflammatory disease?
periodontitis
describe acute immune response?
appropriate response for threat, resolution when no longer required
describe chronic immune response?
unresolved, failures in control mechanisms, self-damage
what can an inappropriate immune response cause?
pathologies
