acute inflammation

Question 1

what is acute inflammation of the gingival tissue?

Answer 1

gingivitis

Question 2

what are the 3 main processes involved in acute inflammation?

Answer 2

• vascular dilation
• increased vascular permeability
• neutrophil activation and migration

Question 3

what is acute inflammation a response to?

Answer 3

response of living tissue to infection/damage

Question 4

what kind of immunity is associated with acute inflammation?

Answer 4

initiation of innate immunity

Question 5

what are the 4 main causes of acute inflammation?

Answer 5

microbial infection
physical agents
irritant and corrosive chemicals
tissue necrosis

Question 6

how does microbial infection cause acute inflammation?

Answer 6

resulting from microbial recognition

Question 7

what are physical agents that can cause acute inflammation?

Answer 7

physical trauma
ultraviolet or other ionising radiation
heat
cold

Question 8

what irritants and corrosive chemicals cause acute inflammation?

Answer 8

acides, alkali, oxidising agents
microbial virulence factors

Question 9

how does tissue necrosis cause acute inflammation?

Answer 9

lack of o2 or nutrients
inadequate blood flow (infarction)

Question 10

what are 5 consequences of acute inflammation?

Answer 10

redness - rubor
heat - calor
swelling - tumour
pain - dolor
loss of function

Question 11

describe redness as a consequence of acute inflammation?

Answer 11

dilation of small blood vessels

Question 12

describe heat as a consequence of acute inflammation?

Answer 12

increased blood flow (hyperaemia)

Question 13

describe swelling as a consequence of acute inflammation?

Answer 13

accumulation of fluid in extra vascular space (oedema)

Question 14

describe pain as a consequence of acute inflammation?

Answer 14

stretching/distortion of tissues due to oedema
chemical mediators induce pain

Question 15

what is oedema?

Answer 15

excess of watery fluid collecting in cavities or tissues of the body

Question 16

in which stage of acute inflammation does chronic inflammation arise?

Answer 16

no resolution

Question 17

what is the amplification stage in the inflammation process?

Answer 17

recruitment and activation of innate immune cells via chemokines and cytokines activity and vascular dilation

Question 18

what is exudation?

Answer 18

the vessels become leaky and allow passage of water salts and some proteins

Question 19

what happens in a vascular response? 3

Answer 19

small blood vessels dilate
endothelial cells what and retract
exudation - minerals pass out of cell
endothelial cells activated to promote immune cell passage to damaged tissues

Question 20

what does inflammatory exudate provide to tissues?

Answer 20

fluids and salts
glucose and oxygen
complement proteins and antibodies
fibrin (long insoluble filamentous protein)

Question 21

give examples of chemical mediators?

Answer 21

histamine
bradykinin
prostaglandins

Question 22

what do chemical mediators do?

Answer 22

vascular dilation
increasing vascular permeability
1 more?

Question 23

give examples of protein mediators?

Answer 23

cytokines and chemokines

Question 24

what is the function of mediators?

Answer 24

regulate process of inflammation

Question 25

what is the product of the break down of histidine (amino acid)?

Answer 25

histamine

Question 26

where is histamine stored?

Answer 26

granules of immune cells such as mast cells

Question 27

how is histamine released?

Answer 27

degranulation

Question 28

how does histamine has a role as a neurotransmitter?

Answer 28

itching

Question 29

what does histamine cause?

Answer 29

vascular dilation

Question 30

what produces prostaglandins? what are they the product of?

Answer 30

macrophages and neutrophils (with leukotrienes) - product of fast acid metabolism

Question 31

what is the most abundant prostaglandin?

Answer 31

prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

Question 32

what do prostaglandins cause?

Answer 32

vascular dilation

Question 33

what are the other roles prostaglandins in acute inflammation?

Answer 33

- regulate cytokine production - regulate cell recruitment - act on nerve fibres (pain) - involved in tissue remodelling

Question 34

what enzyme regulates prostaglandins?

Answer 34

cylooxygenase II

Question 35

what characterises inflammation? 3

Answer 35

changes in blood vessel caliber vascular permeability oedema (protein and cellular exudates )

Question 36

what are blood vessel changes regulated by?

Answer 36

protein and chemical mediators

Question 37

what are the 4 proteolytic cascades of plasma factors in acute inflammation?

Answer 37

complement kinin system coagulation fibrinolytic system

Question 38

how are the proteolytic cascades of plasma factors initiated in acute inflammation?

Answer 38

stepwise activation involving formation of enzyme complexes and protein cleavage

Question 39

what enzyme activates the proteolytic cascades of plasma factors?

Answer 39

coagulation factor XII

Question 40

how is kallikrein generated?

Answer 40

by hageman factor (coagulation factor XIIa)

Question 41

what does kallikrein do?

Answer 41

converts kininogens to kinins eg. bradykinin

Question 42

what are the 3 pathways of the coagulation system?

Answer 42

intrinsic extrinsic common

Question 43

what happens in the common pathway of the coagulation system?

Answer 43

production of thrombin which produces fibrin (clot formation)

Question 44

what happens in the kinin cascade in plasma factor?

Answer 44

plasma protein/enzymes that lead to production of bradykinins

Question 45

what happens in the complement cascade in plasma factors?

Answer 45

leads to membrane attack complex formation and anaphylatoxin production

Question 46

what does fibrin do in the coagulation cascade in plasma factors?

Answer 46

stable blood clot formation (fibrin)

Question 47

what is the main aim of the fibrinolytic system?

Answer 47

activation of plasmin which prevents excessive clotting of blood by degrading fibrin

Question 48

what do kallikrein and hangman factor both play a role in, in the fibrinolytic system ?

Answer 48

conversion

Question 49

how does the fibrinolytic system play a role as fibrin degradation products?

Answer 49

promotes vascular permeability

Question 50

what is haemostasis?

Answer 50

balance between coagulation and fibrinolytic system

Question 51

what does haemostasis mean?

Answer 51

stop of blood flow

Question 52

give examples of congenital coagulation disorders?

Answer 52

- von willebrand disease - haemophilia A - haemophilia B

Question 53

give examples of acquired coagulation disorders? eg. drugs

Answer 53

warfarin heparin

Question 54

what does abscess formation (suppuration) lead to?

Answer 54

chronic inflammation

Question 55

what does abscess formation depend on?

Answer 55

- tissues involved - amount of tissue destruction - nature of the harmful agent

Question 56

name the 3 types of dental abscesses?

Answer 56

gingival abscess periodontal abscess periapical abscess

Question 57

what is suppuration?

Answer 57

formation of puss arising from infection (abscess)

Question 58

what is the most important part of suppuration?

Answer 58

neutrophil infiltration

Question 59

what is pus?

Answer 59

bacteria with dead and dying neutrophils

Question 60

what is pus surrounded by once it accumulated?

Answer 60

pyogenic membrane

Question 61

what does the complete restoration of tissues after an episode of acute inflammation require?

Answer 61

- minimal cell death and tissue damage - occurrence in tissues with regenerative capacity - rapid elimination of causative agent - rapid removal of debris by vascular/lymphatic drainage

Question 62

what is the end goal of acute inflammation?

Answer 62

healing and repair

Question 63

what is the most common outcome of acute inflammation?

Answer 63

resolution