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pathology and immunity > acute inflammation > Flashcards

acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

what is acute inflammation of the gingival tissue?

A

gingivitis

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2
Q

what are the 3 main processes involved in acute inflammation?

A
  • vascular dilation
  • increased vascular permeability
  • neutrophil activation and migration
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3
Q

what is acute inflammation a response to?

A

response of living tissue to infection/damage

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4
Q

what kind of immunity is associated with acute inflammation?

A

initiation of innate immunity

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5
Q

what are the 4 main causes of acute inflammation?

A

microbial infection
physical agents
irritant and corrosive chemicals
tissue necrosis

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6
Q

how does microbial infection cause acute inflammation?

A

resulting from microbial recognition

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7
Q

what are physical agents that can cause acute inflammation?

A

physical trauma
ultraviolet or other ionising radiation
heat
cold

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8
Q

what irritants and corrosive chemicals cause acute inflammation?

A

acides, alkali, oxidising agents
microbial virulence factors

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9
Q

how does tissue necrosis cause acute inflammation?

A

lack of o2 or nutrients
inadequate blood flow (infarction)

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10
Q

what are 5 consequences of acute inflammation?

A

redness - rubor
heat - calor
swelling - tumour
pain - dolor
loss of function

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11
Q

describe redness as a consequence of acute inflammation?

A

dilation of small blood vessels

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12
Q

describe heat as a consequence of acute inflammation?

A

increased blood flow (hyperaemia)

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13
Q

describe swelling as a consequence of acute inflammation?

A

accumulation of fluid in extra vascular space (oedema)

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14
Q

describe pain as a consequence of acute inflammation?

A

stretching/distortion of tissues due to oedema
chemical mediators induce pain

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15
Q

what is oedema?

A

excess of watery fluid collecting in cavities or tissues of the body

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16
Q

in which stage of acute inflammation does chronic inflammation arise?

A

no resolution

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17
Q

what is the amplification stage in the inflammation process?

A

recruitment and activation of innate immune cells via chemokines and cytokines activity and vascular dilation

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18
Q

what is exudation?

A

the vessels become leaky and allow passage of water salts and some proteins

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19
Q

what happens in a vascular response? 3

A

small blood vessels dilate
endothelial cells what and retract
exudation - minerals pass out of cell
endothelial cells activated to promote immune cell passage to damaged tissues

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20
Q

what does inflammatory exudate provide to tissues?

A

fluids and salts
glucose and oxygen
complement proteins and antibodies
fibrin (long insoluble filamentous protein)

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21
Q

give examples of chemical mediators?

A

histamine
bradykinin
prostaglandins

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22
Q

what do chemical mediators do?

A

vascular dilation
increasing vascular permeability
1 more?

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23
Q

give examples of protein mediators?

A

cytokines and chemokines

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24
Q

what is the function of mediators?

A

regulate process of inflammation

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25
Q

what is the product of the break down of histidine (amino acid)?

A

histamine

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26
Q

where is histamine stored?

A

granules of immune cells such as mast cells

27
Q

how is histamine released?

A

degranulation

28
Q

how does histamine has a role as a neurotransmitter?

A

itching

29
Q

what does histamine cause?

A

vascular dilation

30
Q

what produces prostaglandins? what are they the product of?

A

macrophages and neutrophils (with leukotrienes)
- product of fast acid metabolism

31
Q

what is the most abundant prostaglandin?

A

prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

32
Q

what do prostaglandins cause?

A

vascular dilation

33
Q

what are the other roles prostaglandins in acute inflammation?

A
  • regulate cytokine production
  • regulate cell recruitment
  • act on nerve fibres (pain)
  • involved in tissue remodelling
34
Q

what enzyme regulates prostaglandins?

A

cylooxygenase II

35
Q

what characterises inflammation? 3

A

changes in blood vessel caliber
vascular permeability
oedema (protein and cellular exudates )

36
Q

what are blood vessel changes regulated by?

A

protein and chemical mediators

37
Q

what are the 4 proteolytic cascades of plasma factors in acute inflammation?

A

complement
kinin system
coagulation
fibrinolytic system

38
Q

how are the proteolytic cascades of plasma factors initiated in acute inflammation?

A

stepwise activation involving formation of enzyme complexes and protein cleavage

39
Q

what enzyme activates the proteolytic cascades of plasma factors?

A

coagulation factor XII

40
Q

how is kallikrein generated?

A

by hageman factor (coagulation factor XIIa)

41
Q

what does kallikrein do?

A

converts kininogens to kinins eg. bradykinin

42
Q

what are the 3 pathways of the coagulation system?

A

intrinsic
extrinsic
common

43
Q

what happens in the common pathway of the coagulation system?

A

production of thrombin which produces fibrin (clot formation)

44
Q

what happens in the kinin cascade in plasma factor?

A

plasma protein/enzymes that lead to production of bradykinins

45
Q

what happens in the complement cascade in plasma factors?

A

leads to membrane attack complex formation and anaphylatoxin production

46
Q

what does fibrin do in the coagulation cascade in plasma factors?

A

stable blood clot formation (fibrin)

47
Q

what is the main aim of the fibrinolytic system?

A

activation of plasmin which prevents excessive clotting of blood by degrading fibrin

48
Q

what do kallikrein and hangman factor both play a role in, in the fibrinolytic system ?

A

conversion

49
Q

how does the fibrinolytic system play a role as fibrin degradation products?

A

promotes vascular permeability

50
Q

what is haemostasis?

A

balance between coagulation and fibrinolytic system

51
Q

what does haemostasis mean?

A

stop of blood flow

52
Q

give examples of congenital coagulation disorders?

A
  • von willebrand disease
  • haemophilia A
  • haemophilia B
53
Q

give examples of acquired coagulation disorders? eg. drugs

A

warfarin
heparin

54
Q

what does abscess formation (suppuration) lead to?

A

chronic inflammation

55
Q

what does abscess formation depend on?

A
  • tissues involved
  • amount of tissue destruction
  • nature of the harmful agent
56
Q

name the 3 types of dental abscesses?

A

gingival abscess
periodontal abscess
periapical abscess

57
Q

what is suppuration?

A

formation of puss arising from infection (abscess)

58
Q

what is the most important part of suppuration?

A

neutrophil infiltration

59
Q

what is pus?

A

bacteria with dead and dying neutrophils

60
Q

what is pus surrounded by once it accumulated?

A

pyogenic membrane

61
Q

what does the complete restoration of tissues after an episode of acute inflammation require?

A
  • minimal cell death and tissue damage
  • occurrence in tissues with regenerative capacity
  • rapid elimination of causative agent
  • rapid removal of debris by vascular/lymphatic drainage
62
Q

what is the end goal of acute inflammation?

A

healing and repair

63
Q

what is the most common outcome of acute inflammation?

A

resolution

pathology and immunity (10 decks)

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