defence cells Flashcards
what cells are of myeloid origin?
neutrophils
macrophages
mast cells
eosinophils and basophils
what cells are of lymphoid origin?
T cells
B cells
natural killer cells
innate lymphoid cells
what immune cells can be either myeloid or lymphoid origin?
dendritic cells
describe characteristics of periodontitis?
chronic inflammatory disease
- destruction of soft and hard tissues which support the teeth
what does removal of plaque do in periodontitis?
does not always lead to resolution due to immune dysregulation
what is the microbial dysbiosis in periodontitis?
plaque build up
what is the microbial dysbiosis in periodontitis?
plaque build up
what happens to immune and inflammatory cells during the progression of periodontitis?
increase
what are innate immune cells?
monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
where do innate immune cells come from?
stem cells in bone marrow
name some examples of innate cells?
mast cells
monocytes and macrophages
natural killer cells
dendritic cells
neutrophils
eosinophils and basophils
innate immune cells
what do monocytes differentiate into?
macrophages
what do monocytes and macrophages do?
phagocytose and present antigen
- early responder to infection or tissue damage
what do mast cells do?
early responders to infection or tissue damage
where do mast cells migrate?
from blood and differentiate in tissues (blood precursors)
what do mast cells protect against?
pathogens particularly parasitic worms
what are mast cells best known for their role in
allergy
what are the most numerous cells in innate immune responses in the oral cavity?
neutrophils
what do neutrophils contain and what do they release?
multiple granules (intracellular vesicles)
release neutrophil extracellular traps
are basophils and eosinophils more or less abundant than neutrophils?
less
basophils and eosinophils contain granules, what do they contain?
degradative enzymes and antimicrobials
what does eosinophils play a major role in?
how?
defence against parasites
- larger than neutrophils so can ingest larger threats
what is phagocytosis?
capturing a cell and degrading it to prevent infection
summary …..
what are granulocytes?
have granules containing enzymes and antimicrobials
what are granulocytes?
have granules containing enzymes and antimicrobials
what are examples of innate and adaptive defence cells?
dendritic cells
natural killer cells
innate lymphoid cells etc
where are dendritic cells derived from?
myeloid and lymphoid lineage
name one type of dendritic cell?
langerhans cells
what is the main role of dendritic cells?
antigen presenting
where do dendritic cells move between?
move tissues to lymph nodes passing on info
what activates T cells and B cells?
dendritic cells
what do immature dendritic cells do in memory generation?
- immature DC cells take up and process antigen in the epidermis
- they then migrate to lymph nodes and differentiate along the way
what do mature dendritic cells do in memory generation?
- co-stimulatory activity and prime naive T cells
- transfer antigen to other dendritic cells resident in the lymph node
what are natural killer cells part of (unlike myeloid cells)?
innate immunity
what are 2 characteristics of NK cells?
large and contain granules
what are natural killer cells important for?
holding back virus infections until adaptive immunity kicks in
what do natural killer cells do?
recognise and kill abnormal cells, tumour, viral infected cells
what are innate lymphoid cells?
non-cytotoxic members of the natural killer cell family
what do innate lymphoid cells do?
what do they produce?
link innate and adaptive immune immunity
- produce cytokines (effectors) similar to T cell subsets
give examples of adaptive immune defence cells?
T cells
B cells
where do T cells mature?
thymus
where do T cells circulate and where are they found?
circulate in blood
found in lymphoid organs
what do T cells give rise to?
cellular immunity
what do T cells recognise and how?
recognise peptides presented by APCS through T cell receptor
what are t helper cells? (cd4+)
function to help support other immune cells to fight threats
what are cytotoxic t cells? (cd8+)
destroy our own cells which have become infected (usually viral)
what are regulatory T cells? (tregs)
regulate or suppress other cells in immune system
what do all T cells start as?
naive cells with receptors for very specific proteins
how many signals are between a dendritic cell and a T cell?
3
which signal decides what the cd4+ naive T cell will differentiate into?
3rd signal
what do B cells do?
communicate with T cells
have specific B cell receptor for antigens
what do B cells produce?
antibodies
what does clonal expansion lead to?
generation of 2 subsets
what are plasma B cells?
big antibody factories
what are memory B cells important for?
mount a quicker antibody response to any subsequent infections
name 4 phagocytic cells?
neutrophils
macrophages
tissue defence cells
mast cells
name 3 cells that are immune cells that specialize in presenting an antigen to a T-cell?
macrophages
dendritic cells
B cells
what immune cells fight parasitic infection?
eosinophils and basophils
what immune cells are involved in allergic responses?
basophils
mast cells
what cells have adaptive immune response?
t and b lymphocytes
what immune cells produce antibodies?
b cells
what immune cells direct and control magnitude of immune reactions?
T cells
what immune cells can be either myeloid or lymphoid origin?
dendritic cells
