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pathology and immunity > defence cells > Flashcards

defence cells Flashcards

1
Q

what cells are of myeloid origin?

A

neutrophils
macrophages
mast cells
eosinophils and basophils

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2
Q

what cells are of lymphoid origin?

A

T cells
B cells
natural killer cells
innate lymphoid cells

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3
Q

what immune cells can be either myeloid or lymphoid origin?

A

dendritic cells

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4
Q

describe characteristics of periodontitis?

A

chronic inflammatory disease
- destruction of soft and hard tissues which support the teeth

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5
Q

what does removal of plaque do in periodontitis?

A

does not always lead to resolution due to immune dysregulation

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6
Q

what is the microbial dysbiosis in periodontitis?

A

plaque build up

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7
Q

what is the microbial dysbiosis in periodontitis?

A

plaque build up

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8
Q

what happens to immune and inflammatory cells during the progression of periodontitis?

A

increase

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9
Q

what are innate immune cells?

A

monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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10
Q

where do innate immune cells come from?

A

stem cells in bone marrow

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11
Q

name some examples of innate cells?

A

mast cells
monocytes and macrophages
natural killer cells
dendritic cells
neutrophils
eosinophils and basophils
innate immune cells

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12
Q

what do monocytes differentiate into?

A

macrophages

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13
Q

what do monocytes and macrophages do?

A

phagocytose and present antigen
- early responder to infection or tissue damage

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14
Q

what do mast cells do?

A

early responders to infection or tissue damage

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15
Q

where do mast cells migrate?

A

from blood and differentiate in tissues (blood precursors)

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16
Q

what do mast cells protect against?

A

pathogens particularly parasitic worms

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17
Q

what are mast cells best known for their role in

A

allergy

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18
Q

what are the most numerous cells in innate immune responses in the oral cavity?

A

neutrophils

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19
Q

what do neutrophils contain and what do they release?

A

multiple granules (intracellular vesicles)
release neutrophil extracellular traps

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20
Q

are basophils and eosinophils more or less abundant than neutrophils?

A

less

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21
Q

basophils and eosinophils contain granules, what do they contain?

A

degradative enzymes and antimicrobials

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22
Q

what does eosinophils play a major role in?
how?

A

defence against parasites
- larger than neutrophils so can ingest larger threats

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23
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

capturing a cell and degrading it to prevent infection

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24
Q

summary …..

A
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25
Q

what are granulocytes?

A

have granules containing enzymes and antimicrobials

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26
Q

what are granulocytes?

A

have granules containing enzymes and antimicrobials

27
Q

what are examples of innate and adaptive defence cells?

A

dendritic cells
natural killer cells
innate lymphoid cells etc

28
Q

where are dendritic cells derived from?

A

myeloid and lymphoid lineage

29
Q

name one type of dendritic cell?

A

langerhans cells

30
Q

what is the main role of dendritic cells?

A

antigen presenting

31
Q

where do dendritic cells move between?

A

move tissues to lymph nodes passing on info

32
Q

what activates T cells and B cells?

A

dendritic cells

33
Q

what do immature dendritic cells do in memory generation?

A
  1. immature DC cells take up and process antigen in the epidermis
  2. they then migrate to lymph nodes and differentiate along the way
34
Q

what do mature dendritic cells do in memory generation?

A
  1. co-stimulatory activity and prime naive T cells
  2. transfer antigen to other dendritic cells resident in the lymph node
35
Q

what are natural killer cells part of (unlike myeloid cells)?

A

innate immunity

36
Q

what are 2 characteristics of NK cells?

A

large and contain granules

37
Q

what are natural killer cells important for?

A

holding back virus infections until adaptive immunity kicks in

38
Q

what do natural killer cells do?

A

recognise and kill abnormal cells, tumour, viral infected cells

39
Q

what are innate lymphoid cells?

A

non-cytotoxic members of the natural killer cell family

40
Q

what do innate lymphoid cells do?
what do they produce?

A

link innate and adaptive immune immunity
- produce cytokines (effectors) similar to T cell subsets

41
Q

give examples of adaptive immune defence cells?

A

T cells
B cells

42
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

43
Q

where do T cells circulate and where are they found?

A

circulate in blood
found in lymphoid organs

44
Q

what do T cells give rise to?

A

cellular immunity

45
Q

what do T cells recognise and how?

A

recognise peptides presented by APCS through T cell receptor

46
Q

what are t helper cells? (cd4+)

A

function to help support other immune cells to fight threats

47
Q

what are cytotoxic t cells? (cd8+)

A

destroy our own cells which have become infected (usually viral)

48
Q

what are regulatory T cells? (tregs)

A

regulate or suppress other cells in immune system

49
Q

what do all T cells start as?

A

naive cells with receptors for very specific proteins

50
Q

how many signals are between a dendritic cell and a T cell?

A

3

51
Q

which signal decides what the cd4+ naive T cell will differentiate into?

A

3rd signal

52
Q

what do B cells do?

A

communicate with T cells

have specific B cell receptor for antigens

53
Q

what do B cells produce?

A

antibodies

54
Q

what does clonal expansion lead to?

A

generation of 2 subsets

55
Q

what are plasma B cells?

A

big antibody factories

56
Q

what are memory B cells important for?

A

mount a quicker antibody response to any subsequent infections

57
Q

name 4 phagocytic cells?

A

neutrophils
macrophages
tissue defence cells
mast cells

58
Q

name 3 cells that are immune cells that specialize in presenting an antigen to a T-cell?

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
B cells

59
Q

what immune cells fight parasitic infection?

A

eosinophils and basophils

60
Q

what immune cells are involved in allergic responses?

A

basophils
mast cells

61
Q

what cells have adaptive immune response?

A

t and b lymphocytes

62
Q

what immune cells produce antibodies?

A

b cells

63
Q

what immune cells direct and control magnitude of immune reactions?

A

T cells

64
Q

what immune cells can be either myeloid or lymphoid origin?

A

dendritic cells

pathology and immunity (10 decks)

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