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pathology and immunity > adaptive immunity 2 > Flashcards

adaptive immunity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what do B cells communicate with?

A

T cells

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2
Q

what do B cells produce?

A

antigens

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3
Q

what does clonal expansion of B cells lead to?

A

generation of 2 subsets

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4
Q

what are the 2 main types of B cells?

A

plasma b cells
memory B cells

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5
Q

give an example of antibody factories?

A

plasma cells

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6
Q

what are memory B cells important for?

A

mount a quicker antibody response to any subsequent infections

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7
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

where do B cells circulate and where are they found in large numbers?

A

blood and lymph
- lymphoid organs

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9
Q

how do B cells recognise antigens?

A

B cell receptor which is the actual antibody (IgM or IgD)

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10
Q

why is the B cell receptor diverse?

A

to respond to numerous antigens

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11
Q

what happens when B cells are activated?

A

change to plasma cells “antibody factories”

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12
Q

what are the 3 main receptors in adaptive immunity?

A

T cell receptor
B cell receptor (immunoglobulins Ig)
major histocompatibility complex (MHC proteins)

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13
Q

what does multiple genes encoding in receptors allow?

A

development of the repertoire of receptors with wide specificity

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14
Q

describe IgG antibodies?

A

80% of all antibodies
responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins

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15
Q

what do IgE antibodies do?

A

attaches as an individual molecule to exposed surfaces of basophils and mast cells

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16
Q

what does IgD do?

A

individual molecule on surface of B cell where it can bind antigens in extracellular fluid

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17
Q

what does binding of IgD play a role in (b cells)?

A

sensitisation of the B cell involved

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18
Q

what does binding of IgM do?

A

anti-A and anti-B antibodies responsible for the angulation of incompatible blood types are IgM antibodies

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19
Q

what is the first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered?

A

IgM

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20
Q

where is IgA found?

A

primarily in glandular secretions such as mucus, tears, saliva and semen

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21
Q

what does IgA do?

A

attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues

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22
Q

what are the 5 different types of immunoglobulins produced by B cells?

A

IgG IgE IgD IgM IgA

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23
Q

describe the B cell receptor structure?

A

slightly different to T cells
both have variable and constant regions
B cell antibodies have light and heavy chains

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24
Q

what is the difference between B cell receptors and T cell receptors?

A

B cells = light and heavy chains
T cells = alpha and beta chains

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25
Q

where is the antigen biding site found in b and T cell receptors?

A

variable region

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26
Q

what are the developmental stages in B cell development defines by?

A

rearrangements of the immunoglobulins heavy and light chain genes

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27
Q

what happens to B cells in the periphery?

A

migrate to secondary lymphoid organs

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28
Q

what does heavy chains of B cell receptor involve?

A

involves rearrangement of variable, diversity and joining genes

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29
Q

what does light chains of B cells receptor involve?

A

rearrange variable and joining gene

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30
Q

what kind of selection do B cells go through in bone marrow?

A

negative

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31
Q

what happens if the immature B cell in bone marrow does not react with self antigen?

A

moves into the blood expressed as IgD and IgM

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32
Q

what happens if the immature B cell in bone marrow does react with self antigen?

A

retained in bone marrow

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33
Q

what is the immature B cell receptor?

A

IgM

34
Q

what is the mature B cell receptor?

A

mainly IgD but also IgM

35
Q

what removes self reacting B cells?

A

macrophages

36
Q

what are the 3 main functions for antibodies in the human body?

A

neutralisation
opsonisation
initiation of complement

37
Q

what is the primary goal of an antibody?

A

prevent microbial activity and aid removal of threat from host

38
Q

what are the 3 functions of antibodies?

A

neutralisation
opsonisation
complement initiation

39
Q

what do antibodies do in opsonisation?

A

coat pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins

40
Q

what drives mast cell degradation?

A

IgE attachment to allergen

41
Q

what is antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

A
  1. antibodies bind antigens on the surface of target cells
  2. NK cell CD16 Fc receptors recognise cell bound antibodies
  3. cross linking of cd16 triggers degranulation into a lytic synapse
  4. tumour cells die by apoptosis
42
Q

what is the complement initiation classic pathway?

A

antibody attached to microbe

43
Q

what is the B cell receptor?

A

IgD

44
Q

what is negative selection of B cell receptors?

A

during development in bone marrow B cells with self reactive BCR are eliminated

45
Q

what happens after B cell goes through negative selection and makes its way out of circulation?

A

B cell activation

46
Q

in B cell activation, antigens that require T cell help are called?

A

thymus-dependent antigen

47
Q

in B cell activation, antigens that don’t require T cell help are called?

A

thymus-independent antigen

48
Q

where does B cell activation occur?

A

lymph nodes

49
Q

what does the activation of naive B cells result in?

A

rise of plasma cells

50
Q

what does T cell and BCR interaction. require?

A

co-receptor binding
CD40 TO CD40L

51
Q

give an example of an antigen that can activate B cells directly?

A

bacterial LPS

52
Q

what is the first antibody produced in B cell activation?
how many antigen binding sites does it have?

A

IgM
10

53
Q

why does IgM class switch to IgG in B cell activation?

A

IgM response is weak

54
Q

what is affinity of an antigen?

A

strength of binding of single antibody to antigen

55
Q

what is avidity of an antigen?

A

ability of antibodies to form complexes

56
Q

what is the affinity and avidity of IgM?

A

low affinity high avidity

57
Q

what are germinal centres?

A

hubs for t and B cells cross talk and:
- proliferation and differentiation
- somatic hypermutation eg. class switching

58
Q

in lymphoid organs what does cross talk of b and T cells lead to?

A

generation of both arms of the adaptive immune response
- humoral immunity
- cellular immunity

59
Q

what does the presence of memory t and B cells mean upon second exposure to a disease?

A

immune system can respond much faster

60
Q

what is the basic principle of vaccination?

A

in the primary immune response IgM acts early but as B cells undergo class switching an IgG response follows

61
Q

what is immunological tolerance?

A

immune system becomes dysfunctional and in state of unresponsiveness to a particular antigen - can happen in b and T cells

62
Q

what are the 2 main types of tolerance and where do they occur?

A

central = primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow)
peripheral = occurs out with thymus and bone marrow

63
Q

what are the 2 types of selection for T cells?

A

positive - no recognition (apoptosis)
negative - recognition of self antigens (apoptosis)

64
Q

where does central tolerance occur for T cells?

A

thymus

65
Q

what type of selection occurs in B cells?

A

negatove - B cells that bind strongly to self antigen are eliminated

66
Q

where does central tolerance occur for B cells?

A

bone marrow

67
Q

what prevents the activation of self reactive T cells?

A

peripheral tolerance

68
Q

are all self reactive T cells eliminated in peripheral tolerance?

A

no

69
Q

what happens in peripheral tolerance of T cells when there is signal 1 but not signal 2?

A

anergy

70
Q

what happens in peripheral tolerance when there is signal 1 and 2 but not signal 3?

A

deletion by apoptosis

71
Q

what is the cytokine survival signal?

A

signals 1 and 2 but not 3

72
Q

what do t regulatory cells do in peripheral tolerance?

A

directly block activity by binding antigen (both self and foreign antigens)

73
Q

where does peripheral tolerance occur for B cells?

A

in secondary lymphoid organs

74
Q

what help do self reactive B cells require in peripheral tolerance?

A

help from self reactive T cells

75
Q

why do most self reactive B cells not receive help from self reactive T cells?

A

as most self reactive T cells are eliminated

76
Q

what happens when a self reactive B cell does not receive help from self reactive T cells?

A

become anergic

77
Q

what does a breach of tolerance to ‘self antigens’ or commensal organisms drive?

A

many autoimmune diseases

78
Q

what are the 5 classes of antibody?

A

IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM

79
Q

where does class switching of IgM to IgG occur?

A

in mature B cells

80
Q

what does tolerance ensure?

A

immune system does not attack self antigens

81
Q

what do central and peripheral tolerance checkpoints prevent?

A

autoimmunity (particularly effective for self reactive t cells)

82
Q

what does a breach of tolerance lead to?

A

reactivity against self antigens

pathology and immunity (10 decks)

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