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pathology and immunity > adaptive immunity > Flashcards

adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what does the adaptive immune response consist of?

A

cell mediated responses and antibody (humoral) responses

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2
Q

what cell drives cell mediated immunity?

A

T cells

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3
Q

what does cell mediated immunity involve?

A

activation of macrophages, natural killer cells and antigen specific helper and cytotoxic t lymphocytes

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4
Q

what do B cells produce and drive?

A

produce antibodies and drive humoral immunity

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5
Q

what is immunological memory?

A

each pathogen is remembered by a signature T cell and or B cell receptor

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6
Q

describe how the kinetics of adaptive immunity arise?

A

arise following innate immune responses
usually >4-7 days following infection

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7
Q

what are the 3 main receptors in adaptive immunity?

A

T cell receptors
B cell receptors (immunoglobulins Ig)
major histocompatibility complex (MHC proteins)

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8
Q

where are T cells derived and where do they mature?

A

derived from bone marrow and mature in thymus

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9
Q

what do T cells give rise to?

A

cellular immunity

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10
Q

what do T cells recognise?

A

peptides present by APCs through T cell receptor

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11
Q

what does the diversity in T cell receptor allow?

A

respond to numerous antigens
T cell repertoire

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12
Q

what is the function of t helper cells? (CD4+)

A

help support other immune cells fight threat

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13
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do? (CD8+)

A

destroy our own ells which have become infected (usually virus related)

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14
Q

what do regulatory T cells do?(tregs)

A

regulate or suppress other cells in the immune system

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15
Q

what do all T cells start as?

A

nieve t cells

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16
Q

what is CD8+ T cells?

A

co receptor that binds to MHC I

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17
Q

what is CD4+ T cells?

A

co receptor that binds to MHC II

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18
Q

what is CD3?

A

co receptor involved in activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of T cells?

A

a and b chains
or
g and y chains

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20
Q

what type of T cells are majority of T cells?

A

a and b chains

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21
Q

what is the role of y and g chain T cells?

A

role unknown but suggest innate function
(5%)

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22
Q

what are the 2 regions of the chain of T cell receptor?

A

constant region
variable region

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23
Q

what are the 3 gene segments encoded in the variable region?

A

v (variable)
d (diversity)
j (joining)

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24
Q

where are V,D and J gene segments of the variable region of the receptor found?

A

V = both a and b
D = b chain only
J = both a and b

25
Q

how are genes rearranged? what is this driven by?

A

somatic recombination driven by RAG (recombinase) enzymes

26
Q

how many combination are there for V(D)J gene?

A

3X10^11

27
Q

what region has multiple antigen binding sites and can change shape?

A

variable region

28
Q

what are pre-thymic T cells?

A

undifferentiated lymphocytes

29
Q

what are the 2 types of selection in T cells?

A

positive selection and negative selection

30
Q

what is positive selection in thyme education?

A

no recognition = apoptosis

31
Q

what is negative selection in thymic education?

A

recognition of self antigen = apoptosis

32
Q

what do T cells interact with in the thymus?

A

thymic cortical epithelial cells

33
Q

what happens after positive and negative selection once their receptors are rearranged?

A

leaves the thymus and circulate in blood/lymphatics
- some reside in lymph nodes (secondary lymphoid organs)
STILL CLASSED AS NIEVE

34
Q

how are T cells activated by dendritic cells?

A

immature dendritic cells take up and process antigen in the epidermis
then migrate to lymph node and mature en route

35
Q

what can prime niece T cells?

A

mature dendritic cells with co stimulatory activity

36
Q

what is required to activate and determine the fate of nieve T cells?

A

3 signals

37
Q

what is the first signal in T cell priming?

A

activation of T cells

38
Q

what is the second signal in T cell priming?

A

survival and clonal expansion of T cells

39
Q

what is an anergy in T cell priming?

A

signal 1 but no signal 2

40
Q

what is signal 3 in T cell priming?

A

differentiation into subsets of effector T cells (specifically for CD4+)

41
Q

what happens in the 3rd signal in T cell priming for CD8+?

A

leads to effector function eg. production of enzymes for degradation

42
Q

what is the main role of t helper 1 cells?

A

macrophage function

43
Q

what are t helper 1 cells a source of?

A

interferon-y

44
Q

what is the main function of t helper 2 cells?

A

supporting humoral responses and allergic reactions

45
Q

what are t helper 2 cells a source of? what do these things do?

A

interleukin- 4,5 and 6 which instruct B cells to produce antibodies

46
Q

what is the main role of t helper 17 cells?

A

support innate immune responses and enhances clearance of extracellular bacteria and fungi

47
Q

what do t helper 17 cells produce?

A

interleukin-17 and 22

48
Q

where are t follicular helper cells found?

A

secondary lymphoid organs in B cell zone

49
Q

what do t follicular cells work with and what do they do?

A

with B cells for antibody production

50
Q

what do regulatory T cells function in?

A

immune suppression

51
Q

what do regulatory T cells release?

A

inhibitory cytokines
interleukin 10

52
Q

what do regulatory T cells inhibit?

A

T cell activation and dendritic cell activation

53
Q

where does the activation of CD8+ T cells arise from?

A

interaction between MHCL and TCR

54
Q

what is the function of CD8+ T cells?

A

induce host cells to undergo apoptosis

55
Q

what do CD8+ T cells produce?

A

enzymes such as granzyme/perforin

56
Q

what does perforin target in CD8+ T cells?

A

apoptotic signalling pathways

57
Q

what does T cell priming result in?

A

generation of different types of T cells

58
Q

what does perforin facilitate?

A

granzyme entry into infected cell

pathology and immunity (10 decks)

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