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pathology and immunity > chronic inflammation > Flashcards

chronic inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the time period for acute inflammation?

A

days (rapid)

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2
Q

what is the time period for chronic inflammation?

A

months often years
possibly forever

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3
Q

Causes of non specific chronic inflammation?

A
  • failure to resolve acute inflammation
  • persistent bouts of acute inflammation
  • excessive suppuration
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4
Q

Causes of specific (primary) chronic inflammation?

A
  • arises de novo
  • persistant exposure to agent
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5
Q

give features of chronic granulomatous inflammation?

A
  • subset of specific chronic inflammation
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6
Q

what are the 3 main classes of chronic inflammation?

A
  • non specific chronic inflammation
  • specific (primary) chronic inflammation
  • chronic granulomatous inflammation
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7
Q

what characterises non-specific chronic inflammation?

A

characterised by a dynamic balance between tissue destruction and repair

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8
Q

what characterises specific (primary) chronic inflammation that is non-granulomatous?

A

excessively activated macrophages

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9
Q

how is specific (primary) chronic inflammation induced by non-immunological agents?

A
  • foreign body reactions
  • insert noxious material (silica and asbestos)
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10
Q

how is specific (primary) chronic inflammation induced by immunological agents?

A
  • infective organisms that grow in cells
  • hypersensitivity reactions
  • autoimmune reactions
  • infection by fungi, protozoa or parasites
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11
Q

what is an autoimmune disease?

A

unwanted response to body own cells and tissues or commensal bacteria

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12
Q

what do PAD enzymes do?

A

This enzyme citrullinates proteins – arginine conversion to citrulline

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13
Q

what produces PAD enzyme?

A

naturally produced by host cells such as neutrophils but also produced by Pgingivalis

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14
Q

how does chronic granulomatous inflammation differ from normal chronic inflammation?

A

predominant cell types are known as modified activated macrophages

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15
Q

what are epithelioid macrophages?

A
  • mass of macrophages joined together
  • giant cells (multinucleate: formed from fused epithelioid macrophages)
  • b and T cells present in tissue
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16
Q

what is the immunological causes of chronic granulomatous inflammation?

A

delayed hypersensitivity reaction or invading pathogens

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17
Q

what is the non immunological cause of chronic granulomatous inflammation?

A

foreign body in tissue eg asbestos particles

18
Q

what is the main aim of macrophages in chronic inflammation?

A

phagocytose and present antigen

19
Q

which type of macrophage is tissue injury?

A

M1

20
Q

which type of macrophages is tissue repair?

A

M2

21
Q

what is tissue injury by M1 macrophages in chronic inflammation?

A

Toxic oxygen metabolites
Proteases
Neutrophil chemotactic factors
Coagulation factors
AA metabolites
Nitric oxide

22
Q

what is tissue injury by M2 macrophages in chronic inflammation?

A

Process of fibrosis
Growth factors (PDGF,FGF,TGF beta)
Fibrogenic cytokines
Angiogenesis factors (FGF)
Remodelling collagenases

23
Q

give an example of a chronic granulomatous inflammation?

A

Orofacial Granulomatosis

24
Q

what is Orofacial Granulomatosis termed if a patient has intestinal crohns?

A

oral crohns

25
Q

give an example of Specific (primary) chronic inflammation?

A

autoimmune disease

26
Q

give an example of Non-specific chronic inflammation?

A

Periodontists

27
Q

what is chronic periodontitis characterised by?

A

soft tissue (gingival tissue) and hard tissue (alveolar bone destruction)

28
Q

what is the extracellular matrix remodelled by?

A

matrix metalloproteinases

29
Q

what do Matrix metalloproteinases apart from remodel the extracellular matrix?

A

help cells migrate and angiogenesis

30
Q

after how many years do we get a new skeleton?

A

10

31
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A

osteoblastogenesis = bone formation

32
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

osteoclastogenesis = bone resorption

33
Q

what do osteoblasts and osteoclasts differentiate from?

A

macrophages

34
Q

what produces RANKL?

A

osteoblasts

35
Q

what are RANK receptors found on?

A

osteoclasts

36
Q

what is OPG?

A

osteoprotogerin

37
Q

where does OPG come from?

A

secreted from osteoblasts

38
Q

what does RANKL stand for?

A

Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand

39
Q

what does OPG do?

A

inhibits RANKL function - therefor controlling bone resorption

40
Q

what is it important to control the ratio of RANKL to OPG?

A

balance between bone loss and resorption

41
Q

what destroys soft tissue?

A

Matrix metalloproteinases

pathology and immunity (10 decks)

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