innate immunity 2 Flashcards
what is the most abundant immune cell type in the oral mucosa?
what %
95% neutrophils
what happens to neutrophils during infection?
neutrophils are attracted to CXCL8 (IL-8) gradient at the site of inflammation
- number of them increases
what is the name of the cells that control interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells?
cell adhesion molecules (receptor types)
what are the 3 main families of cell adhesion molecules (receptor types)?
- selections (found on endothelial cells)
- integrins (found on migrating immune cells)
- immunoglobin superfamily (found on endothelial cells)
what do cell adhesion molecules do?
- promote cell - cell interactions
- important for immune trafficking
what is the function of a neutrophil?
engulf and destroy invading pathogens
what is degranulation in neutrophils?
- granules in cell (known as vesicles) containing numerous antimicrobial peptides and enzymes
- released upon activation of receptors
what is an example of a extracellular response in a neutrophil?
neutrophil extracellular traps
what are neutrophil extracellular traps?
- activation induces neutrophils to release proteins and some genetic material (chromatin) to form extra- cellular fibril matrix
- trap pathogens
many antimicrobials are also associated with neutrophil extracellular traps. what happens to bacteria because of this?
it is held whist being administered
what do monocytes do in blood?
circulate in blood as precursors to macrophages
what type of macrophages are pro-inflammatory?
M1
what type of macrophages are anti-inflammatory?
M2
what is the primary function of a macrophage?
phagocytosis as well as presentation of antigen to adaptive immune cells
what is the main function of mast cells?
degranulation
what helps immune cells get out of circulation?
they all use different cell adhesion molecules
what is phagocytosis?
process utilised by phagocytes (eg. neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells)
- degration and removal of pathogenic threat
- antigen presenting
- safely break down and adipose of apoptotic cells
what are the 2 types of antigen presenting cell?
give examples.
- nonprofessional (epithelial cells/fibroblasts/endothelial cells)
- professional (macrophages and dendritic cells)
what are do granules (vesicles) contain?
performed mediators:
- proteinases
- antimicrobials
- chemical mediators
what does degranulation happen in response to
M(P)AMPs
complement proteins
cytokines another inflammatory mediators
what is essential for the lump between innate and adaptive immunity?
phagocytosis and antigen presentation
what is the largest component of human blood?
plasma
what does plasma contain?
water
salts
enzymes
antibodies
(cytokines and chemokines)
what enzymatic cascade systems does plasma contain?
complement
kinins
coagulation factors
fibrinolytic system
what do enzymatic cascade systems in plasma produce?
inflammatory mediators
what is “complement”?
a collection of soluble proteins present in circulation
drives inflammation and opsonisation
what is opsonisation?
coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins
what are the 3 pathways of complement?
classical
alternative
lectin pathway
what is the initating factor of the classical pathway of complement?
antibody attached to microbe
what is the initating factor of the alternative pathway of complement?
microbial wall
what is the initiating factor of the lectin pathway of complement?
carbohydrates on pathogen surface
what is the main function of anaphylatoxins?
smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage
what does anaphylatoxins allow?
increased infiltration of immune cells to site of infection
what are the proteins produced in these complement pathways that drive immune response?
anaphylatoxins (c3 and c5 convertase)
what is the complement system in periodontitis crucial in?
driving inflammation
what do chemokines and cytokines do in driving an innate immune response?
chemokines recruit
cytokines instruct
how do neutrophils, monocytes and other immune cells migrate to the site of infection?
via cell surface receptors on endothelial cells
eg. selections, integrins and immunoglobulin superfamily
what are the 3 main processes involved in innate immunity?
degranulation
phagocytosis
antigen presentation
what is the process of complement important for?
innate and adaptive immune responses eg. anaphylatoxins
what is the initiating factor of the classical pathway of complement?
antibody attached to microbe
