innate immunity 2

Question 1

what is the most abundant immune cell type in the oral mucosa?
what %

Answer 1

95% neutrophils

Question 2

what happens to neutrophils during infection?

Answer 2

neutrophils are attracted to CXCL8 (IL-8) gradient at the site of inflammation
- number of them increases

Question 3

what is the name of the cells that control interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells?

Answer 3

cell adhesion molecules (receptor types)

Question 4

what are the 3 main families of cell adhesion molecules (receptor types)?

Answer 4

• selections (found on endothelial cells)
• integrins (found on migrating immune cells)
• immunoglobin superfamily (found on endothelial cells)

Question 5

what do cell adhesion molecules do?

Answer 5

• promote cell - cell interactions
• important for immune trafficking

Question 6

what is the function of a neutrophil?

Answer 6

engulf and destroy invading pathogens

Question 7

what is degranulation in neutrophils?

Answer 7

• granules in cell (known as vesicles) containing numerous antimicrobial peptides and enzymes
• released upon activation of receptors

Question 8

what is an example of a extracellular response in a neutrophil?

Answer 8

neutrophil extracellular traps

Question 9

what are neutrophil extracellular traps?

Answer 9

• activation induces neutrophils to release proteins and some genetic material (chromatin) to form extra- cellular fibril matrix
• trap pathogens

Question 10

many antimicrobials are also associated with neutrophil extracellular traps. what happens to bacteria because of this?

Answer 10

it is held whist being administered

Question 11

what do monocytes do in blood?

Answer 11

circulate in blood as precursors to macrophages

Question 12

what type of macrophages are pro-inflammatory?

Answer 12

M1

Question 13

what type of macrophages are anti-inflammatory?

Answer 13

M2

Question 14

what is the primary function of a macrophage?

Answer 14

phagocytosis as well as presentation of antigen to adaptive immune cells

Question 15

what is the main function of mast cells?

Answer 15

degranulation

Question 16

what helps immune cells get out of circulation?

Answer 16

they all use different cell adhesion molecules

Question 17

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 17

process utilised by phagocytes (eg. neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells)
- degration and removal of pathogenic threat
- antigen presenting
- safely break down and adipose of apoptotic cells

Question 18

what are the 2 types of antigen presenting cell?
give examples.

Answer 18

• nonprofessional (epithelial cells/fibroblasts/endothelial cells)
• professional (macrophages and dendritic cells)

Question 19

what are do granules (vesicles) contain?

Answer 19

performed mediators:
- proteinases
- antimicrobials
- chemical mediators

Question 20

what does degranulation happen in response to

Answer 20

M(P)AMPs
complement proteins
cytokines another inflammatory mediators

Question 21

what is essential for the lump between innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 21

phagocytosis and antigen presentation

Question 22

what is the largest component of human blood?

Answer 22

plasma

Question 23

what does plasma contain?

Answer 23

water
salts
enzymes
antibodies
(cytokines and chemokines)

Question 24

what enzymatic cascade systems does plasma contain?

Answer 24

complement
kinins
coagulation factors
fibrinolytic system

Question 25

what do enzymatic cascade systems in plasma produce?

Answer 25

inflammatory mediators

Question 26

what is “complement”?

Answer 26

a collection of soluble proteins present in circulation
drives inflammation and opsonisation

Question 27

what is opsonisation?

Answer 27

coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins

Question 28

what are the 3 pathways of complement?

Answer 28

classical
alternative
lectin pathway

Question 29

what is the initating factor of the classical pathway of complement?

Answer 29

antibody attached to microbe

Question 30

what is the initating factor of the alternative pathway of complement?

Answer 30

microbial wall

Question 31

what is the initiating factor of the lectin pathway of complement?

Answer 31

carbohydrates on pathogen surface

Question 32

what is the main function of anaphylatoxins?

Answer 32

smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage

Question 33

what does anaphylatoxins allow?

Answer 33

increased infiltration of immune cells to site of infection

Question 34

what are the proteins produced in these complement pathways that drive immune response?

Answer 34

anaphylatoxins (c3 and c5 convertase)

Question 35

what is the complement system in periodontitis crucial in?

Answer 35

driving inflammation

Question 36

what do chemokines and cytokines do in driving an innate immune response?

Answer 36

chemokines recruit
cytokines instruct

Question 37

how do neutrophils, monocytes and other immune cells migrate to the site of infection?

Answer 37

via cell surface receptors on endothelial cells
eg. selections, integrins and immunoglobulin superfamily

Question 38

what are the 3 main processes involved in innate immunity?

Answer 38

degranulation
phagocytosis
antigen presentation

Question 39

what is the process of complement important for?

Answer 39

innate and adaptive immune responses eg. anaphylatoxins

Question 40

what is the initiating factor of the classical pathway of complement?

Answer 40

antibody attached to microbe