Intro to Nutrition Flashcards
What does the new Canadian Food Guide Consist of?
Recommendations for half of the diet to be fruits and vegetables. A quarter protein and a quarter carbs. Water is the recommended drink of choice
What is the importance of Nutrition?
- Energy for body metabolism (nerve impulses, contraction of muscles, repair and replacement of cells)
- Raw materials for building blocks of cells (proteins for muscles, calcium for bones, fats for cell membranes)
What are the essential nutrients?
Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and water
What are macronutrients and some examples?
nutrients taken in large amounts daily, provide energy. For example, carbohydrates, proteins, fats.
What are micronutrients?
minerals, vitamins
What are carbohydrates?
major sources of energy, quick energy source
What are the organic molecules that make up carbohydrates?
C (carbon), H (hydrogen), O (oxygen)
What are the three carbohydrate examples?
Monosaccharide (C6 H12 O6)
Disaccharide (C12 H22 O11)
Polysaccharide (Cn Hn On)
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars
What are the 3 monosacchrides and where can they be found?
- fructose (in fruits and honey)
- galactose (in milk)
- glucose (in starch)
What is the chemical formula of monosaccharides?
C6 H12 O6
What is dehydration synthesis or condensation?
when you remove a water molecule to combine 2 monosacchride molecules forming a disaccharide
What are Disacchrides made of?
glucose + glucose -> maltose + water
OR
glucose + fructose -> sucrose + water
OR
glucose +galactose -> lactose + water
What can break maltose easily into two glucose molecules?
hydrolysis
What can break sucrose easily into glucose and fructose?
hydrolysis
what is sucrose
common table sugar
what is lactose?
sugar in milk
Where are polysaccharides found?
They are stored in grains and vegetables
What are examples of Polysaccharide?
glycogen, cellulose
What is glycogen made by?
animals
What does the hormone insulin do?
It converts excess glucose to glyvogen and stored in the liver?
What does the hormone glucagon do?
It converts glycogen back to glucose when the blood sugar is low
Where is cellulose found?
In plant cell walls
What makes up the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane?
Fats
What does cellullose do? What is its purpose?
It is not digested in the human intestine, but provides roughage or fibre in the intestine for waste elimination
What does the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane contain?
phosphates, lipids, cholesterol
What elements make up the organic molecules that form Fats?
C, H, O
What do physical fats in the body do?
they surround and protect vital organs and joints, fats underneath skin, and insulate the body
What is the triglyceride fats structure?
a 3-C glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids (long chain of C’s with an acid group at the end)
What are saturated fats?
fats where all the carbon branches are filled with hydrogen
What state are saturated fats in at room temperature?
solid
What are some examples of saturated fats?
animals fat, butter, lard, hard margarines (saturated artificially)
What are unsaturated fats?
Fats where not all carbon branches are filled with hydrogen
What state are unsaturated fats in at room temperature?
liquid
What are some examples of unsaturated fats?
vegetable oil, nut oils, some fish oils, some margarines.
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
cell membrane
What is the phospholipid Bilayer made of?
A hydrophilic head (phosphate + nitrate + glycerol) and hyrdrophobic tail (2 fatty acids)
Hydrophilic definition
water “loving”
hydrophobic definition
water “fearing”
What is cholesterol?
cholesterol is a soft, waxy lipid in body cells, arteries, veins and on cell membranes. It insulates nerves and produces vitamin D bile acids and hormones
Where can cholesterol be found richly?
In meat, shellfish, whole-milk products, egg-yolks
Where can cholesterol be obtained from?
External sources (food) but it can also be produced in the liver
What are the two types of cholesterol? Which one is good and which one is bad?
HDL (good)
LDL (bad)
What is cholesterol carried by and where?
through the bloodstream by lipoproteins
What is HDL cholesterol
high density lipoproteins. It is good.
What is LDL cholesterol
low density lipoproteins bad cholesterol
What does HDL (good cholesterol) do?
It is stable and carries LDL away from the arteries.
What does LDL (bad) cholesterol do?
It sticks to the artery walls and contributes to plaque build up.
Where are lipoproteins found?
in the blood
What are lipoproteins made out of?
proteins and lipids (phospholipids) on the outside
What do lipoproteins do?
transport fats (triglycerides and cholesterol in water-based bloodstream
What do proteins provide?
structure within the body, muscles, skin, nails, hair, organs, cells membrance protein channels, anitbodies and enzymes
What elements make up protein the organic molecules?
C(Carbon) H(hydrogen) O(oxygen) N(nitrogen)
What are polypeptides broken down to? With the help of what
dipeptides and amino acids. digestive enzymes
What are all proteins built from?
A set of 20 amino acids
What are essential amino acids? How many are there?
amino acids not made in the body, so they must be obtained from food. There are 9
What is a complete protein source?
protein that has enough (all) of the 9 essential amino acids
What are examples of complete proteins
animal protein sources
How do peptide bonds form?
When an amino group and carboxyl group come together a H20 molecule is removed and a peptide bond is formed.
