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Biology > Genetics Part 2 > Flashcards

Genetics Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a law of hereditary?

A

a rule for hereditary, it describes how certain traits are passed on

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2
Q

How were the laws of heredity discovered?

A

using the pea plant

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3
Q

Who used pea plants to discover the laws of heredity?

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

What type of characteristics in pea plants made mendelian genetics possible?

A

Either - or traits. The character can be one thing or another

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5
Q

What are the either-or traits in pea plants that Gregor Mendel used?

A
  • flower colour
  • seed colour
  • seed shape
  • pod colour
  • stem length
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6
Q

What are the traits of flower colours in pea plants. Which one is dominant? Which one is recessive?

A

dominant - purple
recessive - white

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7
Q

What are the traits of seed colours in pea plants. Which one is dominant? Which one is recessive?

A

dominant - yellow
recessive - green

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8
Q

What are the traits of seed shapes in pea plants. Which one is dominant? Which one is recessive?

A

dominant - round
recessive - wrinkled

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9
Q

What are the traits of pod colour in pea plants. Which one is dominant? Which one is recessive?

A

dominant - yellow
recessive - green

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10
Q

What are the traits of stem length in pea plants. Which one is dominant? Which one is recessive?

A

dominant - tall
recessive - short

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11
Q

character or characteristic definition

A

a heritable feature, such as flower colour, varies between individual plants

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12
Q

trait definition

A

each variant for a character, such as purple vs white flower (an example of a characteristic)

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13
Q

genotype definition

A

an organism’s genetic makeup (the pea plant could have FF or Ff)

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14
Q

phenotype definition

A

an organism’s appearance (the pea plant appears to have purple flowers)

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15
Q

heterozygous definition

A

an organism that has two different alleles for a character

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16
Q

homozygous definition

A

an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character.

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17
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

States that inherited traits are determined by pairs of genes and that each of the genes separates into seperate gametes

Only one of the two gene copies present in an organism is distributed to each gamete, the allocation of the gene copies is random in the offspring.

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18
Q

What are Mendel’s Laws?

A

The law of segregation and the law of independent assortment

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19
Q

What is the Law of Independent Assortment

A

It states that inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of alleles for another trait.

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20
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

When the trait is a mixture of the two parental traits ( one parent has red flowers and other has white, the result is a pink flower in snap dragons)

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21
Q

When does incomplete dominance occur?

A

when 2 alleles are equally dominant and the heterozygous individuals produce a new phenotype

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22
Q

Codominance

A

both alleles are expressed at the same time. One allele cannot restrict the other allele

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23
Q

dominant allele

A

the allele that is fully expressed in the organism’s appearance

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24
Q

recessive allele

A

has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance

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25
Q

what type of letter do you use for a dominant allele vs a recessive allele?

A

dominant - capital letter
recessive - lower case

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26
Q

Punnet Square

A

an organized way of showing the possible results of a cross between the gametes of two individuals

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27
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

a cross that involves only one allele pair with different traits

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28
Q

dihybrid crosses

A

when phenotypes and genotypes with two independent alleles are analyzed

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29
Q

Linked genes

A

genes that are on the same chromosome and that tend to be inherited together

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30
Q

a linkage

A

all of the genes on one chromosome because they tend to be inherited together

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31
Q

Are linked genes predictable?

A

Yes. Scientists have discovered that alleles for a given pair of linked genes will separate with a predictable frequency and this frequency is different for different pairs of linked genes

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32
Q

What does the frequency of linked genes depend on?

A

on how close the alleles of the linked gene are positioned on a chromosome

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33
Q

Where does crossing over occur more frequently?

A

it occurs more frequently between alleles that are far apart on the chromosome than between alleles that are close together.

34
Q

What is chromosome mapping?

A

the process of determining the relative locations of genes on chromosomes - this is only useful in species that reproduce rapidly and produce many offspring

35
Q

X and Y chromosomes on their homologous DNA

A

they have very little of it even though they are paired together - in humans, they only have a few genes in common

36
Q

How many genes is the human X chromosome expected to contain?

A

about 2000

37
Q

How many genes is the human Y chromosome expected to contain?

A

fewer than 100

38
Q

What are the most important genes?

A

the sex determination genes

39
Q

how many copies of all X genes do females have?

A

2

40
Q

how many copies of all X genes do males have?

A

1

41
Q

what is the frequency of X linked genes vs Y linked genes

A

many for X-linked, but few for Y linked

42
Q

What is the inheritance pattern for Red-green colour vision deficiency?

A

X-linked recessive

43
Q

What is red-green colour vision deficiency?

A

when someone cannot distinguish between certain shades of red and green

44
Q

What is the inheritance pattern for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

X-linked recessive

45
Q

What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

progressive weakening and loss of coordination

46
Q

What is the inheritance pattern for hemophilia

A

X-linked recessive

47
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

cannot produce a necessary blood clotting factor

48
Q

What is the inheritance pattern for X-linked hypophosphatemia

A

X-linked dominant

49
Q

What is X-linked hypophosphatemia

A

softening of bone which leads to bone deformity

50
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of hairy ears?

A

Y-linked

51
Q

What is hairy ears?

A

hair grow on the outside of ears

52
Q

how was hemophilia reffered to?

A

the royal disease because it spread among the royal families in Europe through the descendants of Great Britain’s Queen Victoria

53
Q

Barr bodies

A

one X chromosome in each cell in females becomes completely inactivated during embryonic development which then condenses into a compact object called a Barr body

54
Q

What is the selection of the X chromosome that will form the Barr body?

A

random and independent in each embryonic cell

55
Q

Multiple alleles

A

more than two forms of a gene control the expression of a trait

56
Q

ow many possible alleles control blood types?

A

3:
- A (Dominant to O and codominant with B)
- B (Dominant to O and codominant with A)
- O (Recessive to A and B)

57
Q

Who can type A donate to?

A

A and AB

58
Q

Who can type A receive from?

A

A and O

59
Q

Who can type B donate to?

A

B and AB

60
Q

Who can type B receive from?

A

type B and O

61
Q

Who can type AB donate to?

A

type AB

62
Q

Who can Type AB receive from?

A

type A, B, AB and O

63
Q

Who can type O donate to?

A

type A, B, AB, O

64
Q

Who can type O receive from?

A

type O

65
Q

What is the dominance in rabbits?

A

agouti > chinchilla > himalayan > albino

66
Q

what is the agouti letter

A

C

67
Q

what is the chinchilla letter?

A

C (superscript: ch)

68
Q

What is the himalayan letter

A

C (superscript h)

69
Q

what is the albino letter?

A

c (superscript a)

70
Q

Polygenic Trait

A

a trait in which the phenotype is controlled by two or more genes at different locations (loci) on different chromosomes

71
Q

What are the three types of fingerprints?

A

Arch, loop and whorl

72
Q

lethal alleles

A

gene combination that causes death - in humans: usually before they can reproduce, it is a major cause of miscarriages and stillbirths

73
Q

epistasis

A

genes on one loci mask the genes on a 2nd loci (gene on chromosome 1 can affect the expression of a gene on chromosome 2)

74
Q

example of epistasis

A

gene for hairlessness will mask the gene for hair colour

75
Q

what is a pedigree chart and what is it’s purpose?

A

pedigree charts show a record of the family of an individual. They can be used to study the transmission of a hereditary condition

76
Q

what is the symbol for a normal male in a pedigree chart?

A

white square

77
Q

what is the symbol for an affected male in a pedigree chart?

A

black, filled in square

78
Q

what is the symbol for a normal female in a pedigree chart?

A

white circle

79
Q

what is the symbol for an affected female in a pedigree chart?

A

black, filled in circle

80
Q

how are generations labelled?

A

roman numerals

81
Q

how are people numbered in each generation?

A

by a number, left to right

Biology (22 decks)

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