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Biology > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is bacteria a kingdom?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What are there more of human or bacterial cells?

A

bacterial cells

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3
Q

What are some benefits of bacteria?

A
  • Help process food to make things like cheese, yogurt, alcohol, butter, and bread.
  • nitrogen cycle - bacteria help create soil fertility
  • convert - ammonia →nitrite→nitrate
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4
Q

How can bacteria be used in industry?

A

sewage treatment, odour control, septic tank maintenance, and to digest organic matter and waste

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5
Q

Name all the diseases discussed in class caused by bacteria

A
  • tuberculosis
  • listeriosis
  • lyme disease
  • gonorrhea
  • meningitis - can also be viral
  • Streptococcus mutans →tooth decay
  • Clostridium botulinum →food poisoning
  • Treponema pallidum →syphilis
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6
Q

Name the 3 common shapes bacteria can have,

A

Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilla

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7
Q

Define Cocci and a trait belonging to this bacteria shape.

A

Round balls, they resist drying

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8
Q

Describe the shape of bacilli bacteria and traits belonding to them.

A

rod shaped, absorb more nutrients due to increased surface area

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9
Q

Describe the shape of spirilla shaped bacteria and traits belonging to this bacterial shape.

A

spiral shaped, moves through fluid with least resistance

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10
Q

What are the two types of bacterial cell walls?

A

Gram positive and Gram negative

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11
Q

Describe the gram stain

A

a dye that highlights basic differences in the arrangements of molecules in bacterial cell walls - used to determine if a bacteria is gram positive or gram negative.

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12
Q

These traits belong to which kind of cells wall?
- purple stain
- thick protein layer
- less resistance against antibiotics
- stain cannot be easily washed away

A

Gram positive

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13
Q

What do you need to destroy to kill a cell?

A

peptidoglycan - the cell wall

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14
Q

What can the gram stain be used for?

A

sorting bacteria

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15
Q

Is this gram negative or positive? - less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic

A

gram negative

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16
Q

How to antibiotics work?

A

they target the peptidoglycan on a bacteria and damage the cell walls.

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17
Q

This bacteria is more antibiotic resistant

A

Gram negative

18
Q

Photosynthesis

A

to obtain energy from light

19
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

to obtain energy from inorganic compounds

20
Q

the prefix for being arranged in pairs

A

diplo

21
Q

the prefix for being arranged in clusters (like grapes)

A

staphylo

22
Q

the prefix for being arranged in chains

A

strepto

23
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Things that kill bacteria

23
Q

The prefix for being arranged singularly

A

jk - there is no prefix

24
Q

What do you call a bacteria resistant to common antibiotics?

A

a superbug

25
Q

Asexual reproduction is done through….

A

binary fission (binary = 2, fission = division

26
Q

What is binary fission?

A

a type of cell division where 2 genetically identical products of the same size are formed

27
Q

Describe the process of asexual reproduction (binary fission)

A
  1. Duplicate genetic material
  2. Cell elongates
  3. Septum (wall) begins to form
  4. cells seperate
28
Q

When does asexual reproduction occur for bacteria?

A

When conditions are favourable and constant

29
Q

Sexual reproduction is done through…

A

conjugation

30
Q

When does sexual reproduction occur?

A

When conditions begin to alter such that it’s less than ideal

31
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

The mixing of genetic material between organisms

32
Q

describe the process of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Cells are linked by a bridged structure called the pili (pilus)
  2. Genetic information passes through pili from one cell to another
  3. The receiving cell undergoes binary fission
33
Q

What happens during very unfavourable conditions to bacteria?

A

it turns into an endospore

34
Q

What is an endospore?

A

when a bacteria enters a dormant phase to protect itself

35
Q

What happens when bacteria form an endospore? What does it look like?

A

It forms a tough outer covering to its DNA. The resulting product looks like a seed.

36
Q

What happens to an endospore when favourable conditions return?

A

The endospore loses its outer coat allowing the bacteria to grow again.

37
Q

What are some advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • conserves energy
  • one parent
  • very fast reproduction rate
38
Q

What are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Rapid reproduction leads to resource competition
  • identical to parent→no diversity
  • Higher risk for extinction
39
Q

What are some advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Genes can be manipulated
  • different from parents
  • Genetic variation increases the likelihood of the species surviving in changing (or unfavourable) conditions
40
Q

What are some disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • uses more energy
  • requires two parents
  • slow
41
Q

What are some benefits of endospores?

A
  • can resist unfavourable conditions (e.g.. heat, cold, damaging chemicals, drying)
  • super long life span

Biology (22 decks)

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