Bacteria

Question 1

Is bacteria a kingdom?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What are there more of human or bacterial cells?

Answer 2

bacterial cells

Question 3

What are some benefits of bacteria?

Answer 3

• Help process food to make things like cheese, yogurt, alcohol, butter, and bread.
• nitrogen cycle - bacteria help create soil fertility
• convert - ammonia →nitrite→nitrate

Question 4

How can bacteria be used in industry?

Answer 4

sewage treatment, odour control, septic tank maintenance, and to digest organic matter and waste

Question 5

Name all the diseases discussed in class caused by bacteria

Answer 5

• tuberculosis
• listeriosis
• lyme disease
• gonorrhea
• meningitis - can also be viral
• Streptococcus mutans →tooth decay
• Clostridium botulinum →food poisoning
• Treponema pallidum →syphilis

Question 6

Name the 3 common shapes bacteria can have,

Answer 6

Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilla

Question 7

Define Cocci and a trait belonging to this bacteria shape.

Answer 7

Round balls, they resist drying

Question 8

Describe the shape of bacilli bacteria and traits belonding to them.

Answer 8

rod shaped, absorb more nutrients due to increased surface area

Question 9

Describe the shape of spirilla shaped bacteria and traits belonging to this bacterial shape.

Answer 9

spiral shaped, moves through fluid with least resistance

Question 10

What are the two types of bacterial cell walls?

Answer 10

Gram positive and Gram negative

Question 11

Describe the gram stain

Answer 11

a dye that highlights basic differences in the arrangements of molecules in bacterial cell walls - used to determine if a bacteria is gram positive or gram negative.

Question 12

These traits belong to which kind of cells wall?
- purple stain
- thick protein layer
- less resistance against antibiotics
- stain cannot be easily washed away

Answer 12

Gram positive

Question 13

What do you need to destroy to kill a cell?

Answer 13

peptidoglycan - the cell wall

Question 14

What can the gram stain be used for?

Answer 14

sorting bacteria

Question 15

Is this gram negative or positive? - less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic

Answer 15

gram negative

Question 16

How to antibiotics work?

Answer 16

they target the peptidoglycan on a bacteria and damage the cell walls.

Question 17

This bacteria is more antibiotic resistant

Answer 17

Gram negative

Question 18

Photosynthesis

Answer 18

to obtain energy from light

Question 19

Chemosynthesis

Answer 19

to obtain energy from inorganic compounds

Question 20

the prefix for being arranged in pairs

Answer 20

diplo

Question 21

the prefix for being arranged in clusters (like grapes)

Answer 21

staphylo

Question 22

the prefix for being arranged in chains

Answer 22

strepto

Question 23

What are antibiotics?

Answer 23

Things that kill bacteria

Question 23

The prefix for being arranged singularly

Answer 23

jk - there is no prefix

Question 24

What do you call a bacteria resistant to common antibiotics?

Answer 24

a superbug

Question 25

Asexual reproduction is done through....

Answer 25

binary fission (binary = 2, fission = division

Question 26

What is binary fission?

Answer 26

a type of cell division where 2 genetically identical products of the same size are formed

Question 27

Describe the process of asexual reproduction (binary fission)

Answer 27

1. Duplicate genetic material 2. Cell elongates 3. Septum (wall) begins to form 4. cells seperate

Question 28

When does asexual reproduction occur for bacteria?

Answer 28

When conditions are favourable and constant

Question 29

Sexual reproduction is done through...

Answer 29

conjugation

Question 30

When does sexual reproduction occur?

Answer 30

When conditions begin to alter such that it's less than ideal

Question 31

Define sexual reproduction

Answer 31

The mixing of genetic material between organisms

Question 32

describe the process of sexual reproduction

Answer 32

1. Cells are linked by a bridged structure called the pili (pilus) 2. Genetic information passes through pili from one cell to another 3. The receiving cell undergoes binary fission

Question 33

What happens during very unfavourable conditions to bacteria?

Answer 33

it turns into an endospore

Question 34

What is an endospore?

Answer 34

when a bacteria enters a dormant phase to protect itself

Question 35

What happens when bacteria form an endospore? What does it look like?

Answer 35

It forms a tough outer covering to its DNA. The resulting product looks like a seed.

Question 36

What happens to an endospore when favourable conditions return?

Answer 36

The endospore loses its outer coat allowing the bacteria to grow again.

Question 37

What are some advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 37

- conserves energy - one parent - very fast reproduction rate

Question 38

What are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 38

- Rapid reproduction leads to resource competition - identical to parent→no diversity - Higher risk for extinction

Question 39

What are some advantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 39

- Genes can be manipulated - different from parents - Genetic variation increases the likelihood of the species surviving in changing (or unfavourable) conditions

Question 40

What are some disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 40

- uses more energy - requires two parents - slow

Question 41

What are some benefits of endospores?

Answer 41

- can resist unfavourable conditions (e.g.. heat, cold, damaging chemicals, drying) - super long life span