Intro To Med Biochem Flashcards
What are the three macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids
Is nucleic acid a micro nutrient or macromolecule?
Macromolecule, it’s not found in the diet
What is a phosphodiester bond?
It can be found within DNA between a carbon on the sugar and an oxygen in the phosphate group
Are carbohydrates a macronutrient or macromolecule?
Where is it found in the diet?
A macronutrient
As oligosaccharides such as starch
Disaccharides such as sucrose and lactose
Monosaccharides like fructose
In the body, all types of carbohydrates are converted to _____, the universe fuel. Excess carbohydrate is stored as _____ or converted to _____ and stored as fat.
Glucose
Glycogen
fatty acids
Is amino acid a macronutrient or macromolecule?
Where can they be found in the diet?
Amino acids can be oxidized for _____, but the _____ component has no caloric value and energy must be expanded to excrete it as _____.
Macronutrient
Protein
fuel
Nitrogen
Urea
Where can peptide bonds be found?
Between amino acids to form protein. the carbon on a carboxylic group bonds with the nitrogen in an amino group
Are fatty acids a micronutrient or macromolecule?
Where they derived from in the diet?
Excess fatty acids are stored as _____ in ______ tissue.
Micronutrient
Dietary fats, mainly triacylglycerol
Triacylglycerol
Adipose
____ is the most caloric dense food
Fat
What molecule does the picture show?
Triacylglycerol
Glycerol is the unhighlighted part
Palmitate is the purple part
Oleate is the red
Stearate is the green
______ is the sum of catabolic and anabolic processes. ______ process that generally turns large molecules into smaller molecules. _____ process that converts small precursors into larger molecules.
Metabolism
catabolism
Anabolism
Catabolic pathways generally form ____, therefore they are exergonic. Anabolic pathways generally use _____ and create ____, therefore they are endergonic.
ATP
ATP
ADP
Describe what happens to carbon during fuel oxidation
Carbon atoms, each have four electrons in their outer shell when two carbon atoms join in a single bond they share two electrons in the bond. Oxidation reactions remove electrons from carbon carbon bonds, usually forming a carbon carbon double bond
electrons can be removed from carbon carbon bonds by making carbon carbon _____ bonds or making carbon ____ bonds.
Double
Oxygen
Describe what is happening to carbon in this picture
The top is a carbon that is the most reduced, the carbon becomes more oxidized as you move down
Cells generate ATP to do work by oxidizing dietary fuels to ____ ____. Electrons are stripped from carbon carbon bonds and transferred to molecular _____ to make water
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
The three macronutrients (carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids) are all converted to the two carbon _____ _____ _____, which is energized by bonding to coenzyme A to form ________.
Carboxylic acid acetate
Acetyl-CoA
______ is made from adenosine nucleotide and vitamin B5.
Coenzyme A
What molecule does this picture show?
Acetyl-CoA
The two carbon acetate is shown in blue
The rest is coenzyme A
When acetyl CoA is generated from catabolism of fuels, it can be used as a substrate for _____ biosynthetic reactions. The two carbons from acetate can be completely _____ to carbon dioxide. This is called the ________ _____ cycle.
Anabolic
Oxidized
Tricarboxylic acid
When oxidizing carbon electrons are transferred through intermediates that can convert back-and-forth between the reduced or oxidized states one of the most important oxidation reduction cofactors is _______. It takes 2 electrons to become its reduced form _____.
Nicotimanide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+)
NADH
when a molecule receives electrons, it is _______. When a molecule loses electrons, it is ______.
Reduced
Oxidized
In the absence of oxygen, NADH reduced in glycolysis, must be oxidized by _____ ____ in order to sustain ATP generation through _____ _____.
Lactate dehydrogenase
anaerobic glycolysis
