Intro To Med Biochem

Question 1

What are the three macronutrients?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids

Question 2

Is nucleic acid a micro nutrient or macromolecule?

Answer 2

Macromolecule, it’s not found in the diet

Question 3

What is a phosphodiester bond?

Answer 3

It can be found within DNA between a carbon on the sugar and an oxygen in the phosphate group

Question 4

Are carbohydrates a macronutrient or macromolecule?
Where is it found in the diet?

Answer 4

A macronutrient
As oligosaccharides such as starch
Disaccharides such as sucrose and lactose
Monosaccharides like fructose

Question 5

In the body, all types of carbohydrates are converted to _____, the universe fuel. Excess carbohydrate is stored as _____ or converted to _____ and stored as fat.

Answer 5

Glucose
Glycogen
fatty acids

Question 6

Is amino acid a macronutrient or macromolecule?
Where can they be found in the diet?
Amino acids can be oxidized for _____, but the _____ component has no caloric value and energy must be expanded to excrete it as _____.

Answer 6

Macronutrient
Protein
fuel
Nitrogen
Urea

Question 7

Where can peptide bonds be found?

Answer 7

Between amino acids to form protein. the carbon on a carboxylic group bonds with the nitrogen in an amino group

Question 8

Are fatty acids a micronutrient or macromolecule?
Where they derived from in the diet?
Excess fatty acids are stored as _____ in ______ tissue.

Answer 8

Micronutrient
Dietary fats, mainly triacylglycerol
Triacylglycerol
Adipose

Question 9

____ is the most caloric dense food

Answer 9

Fat

Question 10

What molecule does the picture show?

Answer 10

Triacylglycerol

Glycerol is the unhighlighted part
Palmitate is the purple part
Oleate is the red
Stearate is the green

Question 11

______ is the sum of catabolic and anabolic processes. ______ process that generally turns large molecules into smaller molecules. _____ process that converts small precursors into larger molecules.

Answer 11

Metabolism
catabolism
Anabolism

Question 12

Catabolic pathways generally form ____, therefore they are exergonic. Anabolic pathways generally use _____ and create ____, therefore they are endergonic.

Answer 12

ATP
ATP
ADP

Question 13

Describe what happens to carbon during fuel oxidation

Answer 13

Carbon atoms, each have four electrons in their outer shell when two carbon atoms join in a single bond they share two electrons in the bond. Oxidation reactions remove electrons from carbon carbon bonds, usually forming a carbon carbon double bond

Question 14

electrons can be removed from carbon carbon bonds by making carbon carbon _____ bonds or making carbon ____ bonds.

Answer 14

Double
Oxygen

Question 15

Describe what is happening to carbon in this picture

Answer 15

The top is a carbon that is the most reduced, the carbon becomes more oxidized as you move down

Question 16

Cells generate ATP to do work by oxidizing dietary fuels to ____ ____. Electrons are stripped from carbon carbon bonds and transferred to molecular _____ to make water

Answer 16

Carbon dioxide
Oxygen

Question 17

The three macronutrients (carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids) are all converted to the two carbon _____ _____ _____, which is energized by bonding to coenzyme A to form ________.

Answer 17

Carboxylic acid acetate
Acetyl-CoA

Question 18

______ is made from adenosine nucleotide and vitamin B5.

Answer 18

Coenzyme A

Question 19

What molecule does this picture show?

Answer 19

Acetyl-CoA

The two carbon acetate is shown in blue
The rest is coenzyme A

Question 20

When acetyl CoA is generated from catabolism of fuels, it can be used as a substrate for _____ biosynthetic reactions. The two carbons from acetate can be completely _____ to carbon dioxide. This is called the ________ _____ cycle.

Answer 20

Anabolic
Oxidized
Tricarboxylic acid

Question 21

When oxidizing carbon electrons are transferred through intermediates that can convert back-and-forth between the reduced or oxidized states one of the most important oxidation reduction cofactors is _______. It takes 2 electrons to become its reduced form _____.

Answer 21

Nicotimanide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+)

NADH

Question 22

when a molecule receives electrons, it is _______. When a molecule loses electrons, it is ______.

Answer 22

Reduced
Oxidized

Question 23

In the absence of oxygen, NADH reduced in glycolysis, must be oxidized by _____ ____ in order to sustain ATP generation through _____ _____.

Answer 23

Lactate dehydrogenase
anaerobic glycolysis