INTRO TO IMMUNOLOGY

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Grew from observations of recovery and subsequent
protection from certain infectious diseases.

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IMMUNITY

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Derived from the Latin term immunis, meaning “exempt.”

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IMMUNITY

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Described a plague in Athens.He noted that, only those who had recovered could nurse the sick because they did not contract the disease a second time.

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THUCYDIDES

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Noticed that milkmaids with cowpox (Vaccinia virus) seem to be immune to acquiring smallpox

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EDWARD JENNER

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Dried smallpox crusts inhaled or inserted into cuts

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VARIOLATION

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cowpox

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Vaccinia virus

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small pox

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variola virus

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The cowpox and smallpox viruses belong to the same family, …, and share similar structural proteins and antigens.

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Poxviridae

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the memory cells generated in response to cowpox can recognize and respond to smallpox virus if it later enters the body.

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antigenic similarity

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He called the attenuated strain

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Vaccine

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Father of Immunology

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LOUIS PASTEUR

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anthrax bacteria

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Bacillus anthracis

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Founded to treat rabies victims

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Pasteur Institute

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what animal is tested in the anthrax experiment

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sheep

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Resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.

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HERD IMMUNITY

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Smallpox eradication was achieved through

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universal vaccination

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Developed the first effective vaccine against polio

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Jonas Salk

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developed the first Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)

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Albert Sabin

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Demonstrated that yellow fever is transmitted by female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

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Walter Reed

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Developed a live, attenuated vaccine against yellow fever

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Max Theiler

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Demonstrated immune protection could be transferred via serum

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Emil von Behring
Shibasaburo Kitasato

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Produces one’s own immunity through exposure to antigens

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ACTIVE IMMUNITY

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Transfer of antibodies from one individual to another

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PASSIVE IMMUNITY

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▪ Proposed by Paul Ehrlich in 1900.
▪ Cells express a variety of receptors (side-chain receptors) that can bind to infectious agents and inactivate them

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Side-Chain Theory

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showed gamma globulin (now immunoglobulin) is responsible for these activities. ▪ Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are crucial in humoral immunity.

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Elvin Kabat

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discovering the structure of immunoglobulins.

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Sir Rodney Porter Gerald Edelman

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Identified phagocytes (white blood cells) as contributors to immunity.

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Elie Metchnikoff

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coined the term "phagocytosis"

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Ernst Haeckel

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secrete antibodies that defend against extracellular pathogens

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humoral immunity

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defend against infected cells, cancers and transplant tissues

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cell-mediated immunity

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Immunology can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

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IMMUNOLOGY

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study of all aspects of the immune system, resistance to disease

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IMMUNOLOGY

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The condition of being resistant to infection

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IMMUNITY

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The structures, cells, and soluble constituents of the circulating blood that allow the host to recognize and respond to foreign (nonself) substances, such as antigens.

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IMMUNE SYSTEM

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A foreign substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies

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ANTIGEN

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Specific glycoproteins produced in response to antigenic challenge

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ANTIBODIES