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IMMUNOSERO > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

Etiologic agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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1
Q

HIV can lead to what disease if left untreated

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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1
Q

when was HIV-1 discovered and where was it discovered

A

1983-1984

France and the US

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1
Q

HIV 1 group that is Most common worldwide;
includes 9 subtypes (A-K)

A

M (Major)

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2
Q

HIV 1 group that is most widespread globally

A

Subtype C

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3
Q

HIV 1 group that is common in the U.S., Europe, and Australia

A

Subtype B

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3
Q

HIV 1 group that is Rare, mainly in West Africa

A

Group N, O, P

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4
Q

HIV 1 group that is created by genetic mixing of subtypes

A

Recombinant Forms (CRFS)

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5
Q

when was hiv2 discovered and where

A

1986, West Africa

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5
Q

Less transmissible and less harmful than
HIV-1 but can still cause AIDS

A

HIV-2

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6
Q

surface of the viral envelope and is responsible for binding to the CD4 receptor on the surface of host cells

A

gp120

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7
Q

allows the viral envelope to fuse with the host
cell membrane

A

gp41

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8
Q
  • Shell that surrounds the viral RNA and enzymes
  • Uncoats, releasing the viral RNA into the cytoplasm
A

Capsid Protein (p24)

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9
Q
  • Two single-stranded RNA molecules
  • Genetic material of the virus
A

RNA Genome

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10
Q
  • HIV uses to convert its RNA genome into DNA once
    inside the host cell
A

Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme

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11
Q

integrating the newly reversetranscribed viral DNA into the host cell’s genome

A

Integrase

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12
Q

involved in processing the viral proteins. Cleaves these polyproteins into smaller functional units that are necessary for the assembly of new viral particles

A

Protease

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13
Q

Not MOT’s of HIV

A
  • Kissing
  • Hugging
  • Sharing Food
  • Insect Bites
  • Sharing Toilet seats
  • Bathing
  • Sneezes and Coughs
  • Sweat
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13
Q

mot of hiv

A
  • Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected
    partner
  • Vertical transmission (From mother to child)
    o In utero (Antenatal)
    o During delivery (Intranatal)
    o Breastmilk (Postnatal)
  • Injection drug use
    o Rare: infected blood/blood products
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13
Q

day 3-7 symptom

A

fever

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14
Q

day 7-14 symptoms

A

fever +

fatigue
body pain
join pain
skin rash

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14
Q

day 14-28 symptoms

A

previous 5+

mouth sore
enlarged lymph nodes

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14
Q

day 29 to 20years

A

lymph nodes are enlarged and all other sypmtoms get resolved

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14
Q

early neurological symptoms

A

forgetfulness
poor concentration
apathy

15
Q

late neurological symptoms

A

dementia
seizures
gait disburbances

15
Q

Flu-like symptoms that occur within first 2-4 weeks of
contracting HIV infection

A

Acute Infection

15
Q

Symptoms in Children

A
  • Failure to thrive, recurrent infections, and
    developmental delays
  • Influenced by immune maturity, viral dose, and
    infection route
15
Q

Occurs when CD4 cell count falls below 200cells/mm3 and vulnerable to opportunistic infections

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

15
Q

Chronic HIV infection after acute infection stage, can
last for decades

A

Clinical latency

15
Q

Risk Factors of HIV

A

Unprotected Sex
Multiple Sexual Partners
Intravenous Drug Use
Occupational Exposure

15
Q

Treatment of HIV

A

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
Viral Suppression
PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis)

15
Q

Challenges in HIV Management

A

Drug Resistance
Adherence
Mental Health
Cure research
HIV Vaccine Development
Long-Acting Antiretroviral
Global Health Initiatives

15
Q

Prevention Strategies of HIV

A

Condom Use
Needle Exchange Programs
Mother-to-Child Transmission Prevention
HIV Testing and Counseling

15
Q

Impacts of HIV/AIDS on Global Health

A

Orphaned Children
Healthcare System Strain
Economic Impact

15
Q
  • A confirmatory test to identify specific HIV proteins
  • Known as Golden Standard for testing
A

Western Blot

15
Q

A Screening test that detects HIV antibodies

A

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

15
Q
  • Quantifies the amount of HIV in the blood and helps
    determine the viral load
A

HIV-RNA PCR Tests

16
Q
  • Detects HIV antibodies in minutes, offering a quick
    alternative to ELISA
A

Rapid Tests

17
Q

negative test

A

result is reported if either no bands are present or if none of the bands present correspond to the molecular weights of any of the known viral proteins

18
Q

positive

A

at least two of the following three bands are present

19
Q

measures state of a person’s immune function

A

CD4 Count

19
Q

CD4 T-cell counts to classify patients into various stages of HIV infection, with those whose counts are below 200/uL being classified as having AIDS

A

CD4 T-Cell Enumeration

19
Q

The gold standard for enumerating CD4 T
cells is

A

immunophenotyping

20
Q

Detect the amount of virus present
Monitors effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy
Used during acute infection to detect virus

A

HIV Lab testing – Viral Load

21
Q

Methods in viral load

A

o PCR
o Branched chain DNA
o Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification

22
Q
  • Attachment to the surface of host cell (CD4+T cell)
  • gp120 protein binds to the CD4 receptor on the
    host cell’s surface
  • gp120 undergoes a conformational change, allowing
    it to also bind to a coreceptor (either CCR5 or
    CXCR4) on the host cell
A

Binding

23
Q
  • Viral gp41 protein undergoes a conformational
    change, which causes the viral envelope to fuse with
    the host cell’s membrane
  • Allows the viral RNA, enzymes, and other essential
    components to enter the host cell’s cytoplasm
A

Fusion

24
Q
  • Viral RNA genome is released into the cytoplasm
  • Reverse transcriptase begins the process of
    reverse transcription, converting the singlestranded viral RNA into double-stranded DNA
  • Allows the viral genetic material to be integrated into
    the host’s DNA
A

Reverse Transcription

25
Q
  • Newly formed viral DNA is transported into the
    nucleus of the host cell
  • Enzyme integrase facilitates the integration of the
    viral DNA into the host cell’s genome (PROVIRUS)
A

Integration

26
Q
  • Transcribe he proviral DNA into mRNA
  • mRNA is then translated into viral proteins in the host cell’s ribosomes
A

Replication

26
Q
  • newly produced viral proteins and viral RNA are
    assembled into new viral particles in the cytoplasm
    of the host cell
  • viral capsid proteins (p24) form the protective hell
    around the viral RNA, while other proteins like gp120
    and gp41 are embedded in the viral membrane
A

Assembly

27
Q

Viral particles are transported to the surface of the
host cell, where they bud off from the host cell’s
membrane.

A

Budding

28
Q

what viral protein undergoes conformational change

A

gp41

28
Q

coreceptor of binding

A

ccr5 or cxcr4

29
Q

where is the viral dna trasnported during integration

A

nucleus

30
Q

in replication dna is transcribed into

A

mrna

30
Q

during replication mRNA is then translated into viral proteins in the host cell’s

A

ribosomes

30
Q

during assembly, newly produced viral proteins and viral RNA are assembled into new viral particles

A

cytoplasm

IMMUNOSERO (9 decks)

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