HIV

Question 1

Etiologic agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome

Answer 1

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Question 1

HIV can lead to what disease if left untreated

Answer 1

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Question 1

when was HIV-1 discovered and where was it discovered

Answer 1

1983-1984

France and the US

Question 1

HIV 1 group that is Most common worldwide;
includes 9 subtypes (A-K)

Answer 1

M (Major)

Question 2

HIV 1 group that is most widespread globally

Answer 2

Subtype C

Question 3

HIV 1 group that is common in the U.S., Europe, and Australia

Answer 3

Subtype B

Question 3

HIV 1 group that is Rare, mainly in West Africa

Answer 3

Group N, O, P

Question 4

HIV 1 group that is created by genetic mixing of subtypes

Answer 4

Recombinant Forms (CRFS)

Question 5

when was hiv2 discovered and where

Answer 5

1986, West Africa

Question 5

Less transmissible and less harmful than
HIV-1 but can still cause AIDS

Answer 5

HIV-2

Question 6

surface of the viral envelope and is responsible for binding to the CD4 receptor on the surface of host cells

Answer 6

gp120

Question 7

allows the viral envelope to fuse with the host
cell membrane

Answer 7

gp41

Question 8

• Shell that surrounds the viral RNA and enzymes
• Uncoats, releasing the viral RNA into the cytoplasm

Answer 8

Capsid Protein (p24)

Question 9

• Two single-stranded RNA molecules
• Genetic material of the virus

Answer 9

RNA Genome

Question 10

• HIV uses to convert its RNA genome into DNA once
  inside the host cell

Answer 10

Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme

Question 11

integrating the newly reversetranscribed viral DNA into the host cell’s genome

Answer 11

Integrase

Question 12

involved in processing the viral proteins. Cleaves these polyproteins into smaller functional units that are necessary for the assembly of new viral particles

Answer 12

Protease

Question 13

Not MOT’s of HIV

Answer 13

• Kissing
• Hugging
• Sharing Food
• Insect Bites
• Sharing Toilet seats
• Bathing
• Sneezes and Coughs
• Sweat

Question 13

mot of hiv

Answer 13

• Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected
  partner
• Vertical transmission (From mother to child)
  o In utero (Antenatal)
  o During delivery (Intranatal)
  o Breastmilk (Postnatal)
• Injection drug use
  o Rare: infected blood/blood products

Question 13

day 3-7 symptom

Answer 13

fever

Question 14

day 7-14 symptoms

Answer 14

fever +

fatigue
body pain
join pain
skin rash

Question 14

day 14-28 symptoms

Answer 14

previous 5+

mouth sore
enlarged lymph nodes

Question 14

day 29 to 20years

Answer 14

lymph nodes are enlarged and all other sypmtoms get resolved

Question 14

early neurological symptoms

Answer 14

forgetfulness
poor concentration
apathy

Question 15

late neurological symptoms

Answer 15

dementia seizures gait disburbances

Question 15

Flu-like symptoms that occur within first 2-4 weeks of contracting HIV infection

Answer 15

Acute Infection

Question 15

Symptoms in Children

Answer 15

* Failure to thrive, recurrent infections, and developmental delays * Influenced by immune maturity, viral dose, and infection route

Question 15

Occurs when CD4 cell count falls below 200cells/mm3 and vulnerable to opportunistic infections

Answer 15

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Question 15

Chronic HIV infection after acute infection stage, can last for decades

Answer 15

Clinical latency

Question 15

Risk Factors of HIV

Answer 15

Unprotected Sex Multiple Sexual Partners Intravenous Drug Use Occupational Exposure

Question 15

Treatment of HIV

Answer 15

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Viral Suppression PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis)

Question 15

Challenges in HIV Management

Answer 15

Drug Resistance Adherence Mental Health Cure research HIV Vaccine Development Long-Acting Antiretroviral Global Health Initiatives

Question 15

Prevention Strategies of HIV

Answer 15

Condom Use Needle Exchange Programs Mother-to-Child Transmission Prevention HIV Testing and Counseling

Question 15

Impacts of HIV/AIDS on Global Health

Answer 15

Orphaned Children Healthcare System Strain Economic Impact

Question 15

* A confirmatory test to identify specific HIV proteins * Known as Golden Standard for testing

Answer 15

Western Blot

Question 15

A Screening test that detects HIV antibodies

Answer 15

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Question 15

* Quantifies the amount of HIV in the blood and helps determine the viral load

Answer 15

HIV-RNA PCR Tests

Question 16

* Detects HIV antibodies in minutes, offering a quick alternative to ELISA

Answer 16

Rapid Tests

Question 17

negative test

Answer 17

result is reported if either no bands are present or if none of the bands present correspond to the molecular weights of any of the known viral proteins

Question 18

positive

Answer 18

at least two of the following three bands are present

Question 19

measures state of a person’s immune function

Answer 19

CD4 Count

Question 19

CD4 T-cell counts to classify patients into various stages of HIV infection, with those whose counts are below 200/uL being classified as having AIDS

Answer 19

CD4 T-Cell Enumeration

Question 19

The gold standard for enumerating CD4 T cells is

Answer 19

immunophenotyping

Question 20

Detect the amount of virus present Monitors effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy Used during acute infection to detect virus

Answer 20

HIV Lab testing – Viral Load

Question 21

Methods in viral load

Answer 21

o PCR o Branched chain DNA o Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification

Question 22

* Attachment to the surface of host cell (CD4+T cell) * gp120 protein binds to the CD4 receptor on the host cell’s surface * gp120 undergoes a conformational change, allowing it to also bind to a coreceptor (either CCR5 or CXCR4) on the host cell

Answer 22

Binding

Question 23

* Viral gp41 protein undergoes a conformational change, which causes the viral envelope to fuse with the host cell’s membrane * Allows the viral RNA, enzymes, and other essential components to enter the host cell’s cytoplasm

Answer 23

Fusion

Question 24

* Viral RNA genome is released into the cytoplasm * Reverse transcriptase begins the process of reverse transcription, converting the singlestranded viral RNA into double-stranded DNA * Allows the viral genetic material to be integrated into the host’s DNA

Answer 24

Reverse Transcription

Question 25

* Newly formed viral DNA is transported into the nucleus of the host cell * Enzyme integrase facilitates the integration of the viral DNA into the host cell’s genome (PROVIRUS)

Answer 25

Integration

Question 26

* Transcribe he proviral DNA into mRNA * mRNA is then translated into viral proteins in the host cell’s ribosomes

Answer 26

Replication

Question 26

* newly produced viral proteins and viral RNA are assembled into new viral particles in the cytoplasm of the host cell * viral capsid proteins (p24) form the protective hell around the viral RNA, while other proteins like gp120 and gp41 are embedded in the viral membrane

Answer 26

Assembly

Question 27

Viral particles are transported to the surface of the host cell, where they bud off from the host cell’s membrane.

Answer 27

Budding

Question 28

what viral protein undergoes conformational change

Answer 28

gp41

Question 28

coreceptor of binding

Answer 28

ccr5 or cxcr4

Question 29

where is the viral dna trasnported during integration

Answer 29

nucleus

Question 30

in replication dna is transcribed into

Answer 30

mrna

Question 30

during replication mRNA is then translated into viral proteins in the host cell’s

Answer 30

ribosomes

Question 30

during assembly, newly produced viral proteins and viral RNA are assembled into new viral particles

Answer 30

cytoplasm