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IMMUNOSERO > INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY > Flashcards

INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Flashcards

ppt

1
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

A

Bone marrow
Thymus

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2
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT)

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3
Q

maturation of B lymphocytes and NK cells

A

Bone marrow

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4
Q

maturation of T lymphocytes

A

Thymus

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4
Q

One of the largest tissues in the body

A

bone marrow

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5
Q

function of bone marrow

A

source of hematopoietic stem cells

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5
Q

B cells is named after

A

bursa of Fabricius in birds

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6
Q

Immature T cells appear as early as

A

8 weeks in gestation

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7
Q

Site of T-cell maturation and
differentiation

A

thymus

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8
Q

Largest secondary lymphoid organ, Acts as a large discriminating filter, Removes old and damaged cells and
foreign antigens from the blood

A

spleen

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8
Q

Makes up over half the spleen’s volume
Destroys old and damaged red blood cells

A

red pulp

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9
Q

Only 20% of the spleen’s total weight
Contains lymphoid tissue arranged around
arterioles in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
(PALS)
PALS contains mainly T cells

A

White Pulp

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10
Q

Central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues

Filtration of interstitial fluid allows contact between lymphocytes and foreign antigens

A

lymph nodes

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11
Q

Filtrate of blood from water and lowmolecular-weight solutes

A

Lymph fluid

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11
Q

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissues

A

Tonsils
Appendix
Peyer’s patches

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11
Q

small masses of macrophage lining oral and pharyngeal cavities

A

Tonsils

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11
Q

near the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine and has abundant infection-fighting lymphoid cells

A

Appendix

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12
Q

specialized type of MALT located at the lower ileum of the intestinal tract

A

Peyer’s patches

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13
Q

Resistance through normally
present body functions, nonspecific, and no prior exposure required

A

INNATE (NATURAL) IMMUNITY

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14
Q

Specific resistance for each
pathogen
Memory and specificity, increased
response upon repeated exposure

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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14
Q

what line of defense does innate immunity belong

A

first and second line of defense

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14
Q

what line of defense does adaptive immunity belong

A

third line of defense

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14
Q

components of innate immunity

A

External Defense System
Internal Defense System

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15
Q

Anatomical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes) that prevent pathogen entry.

A

External Defense System

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15
Q

Activated if external barriers are breached; includes cellular responses and phagocytosis.

A

Internal Defense System

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15
Q

external defense systems

A

Physical
Chemical
Biological

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15
Q

chemicals in:
skin
respiratory tract
stomach
vagina
found in tears and saliva

A

lactic acid, fatty acids, psoriasin
mucus, cilia
gastric acid, hydrochloric acid
lactic acid
lysozyme

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15
Q

physical barriers in unbroken skin

A

epidermis
dermis

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15
Q

Consists of tightly packed epithelial cells coated with keratin, making it impermeable to most infectious agents.

A

Epidermis

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15
Q

Contains connective tissue, blood
vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous
glands, sweat glands, and white
blood cells (WBCs) such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and
mast cells.

A

Dermis

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15
Q

protein in epidermis that it makes the skin impermeable to most infectious agents.

A

keratin

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15
Q

helps maintain an acidic skin pH of approximately

A

5.6

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15
Q

Block bacterial adherence and
contain surfactants that bind
to and help remove microorganisms.

A

Mucous Secretions

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15
Q

Cilia in the nasopharyngeal
passages move approximately
90% of deposited material out
of the respiratory tract.

A

Ciliary Action

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16
Q

Mechanisms to expel pathogens.

A

Coughing and Sneezing

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16
Q

Flushing action and slight
acidity help remove pathogens.

A

Urine

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16
Q

production maintains a vaginal pH of about (), preventing
pathogen invasion.

A

Lactic acid; 5

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16
Q

pH of digestive tract

A

pH 1

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17
Q

Found in tears and saliva, this enzyme attacks the cell walls of microorganisms, particularly gram-positive bacteria.

A

lysozyme

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17
Q

Resident microorganisms that inhabit specific body sites and help prevent pathogen establishment by competing for
resources and producing antimicrobial substances.

A

normal flora

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17
Q

proteins in the gut that disrupt the membranes of certain bacteria.

A

colicins

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17
Q

consists of cells and soluble
factors that perform specific
and crucial functions in
combating infections.

A

INTERNAL DEFENSE

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18
Q

serve as sensors for
extracellular infections. they activate phagocytic cells, enhancing their ability to engulf and destroy invaders.

A

PATHOGEN RECOGNITION
RECEPTORS (PRRs)

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18
Q

distinguish self from non-self
by recognizing PAMPs, which are
specific to microorganisms

A

PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED
MOLECULAR PATTERNS

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19
Q

TLRs that are found on cell surfaces

A

TLR1
TLR2
TLR4
TLR5
TLR6

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19
Q

TLRs that are found in the
endosomal compartment of a cell

A

TLR3
TLR7
TLR8
TLR9

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20
Q

Binding of TLRs to pathogens results in

A

▪ production of cytokines and chemokines
▪ recruitment of neutrophils
▪ enhanced macrophage and dendritic cell activity

20
Q

acute phase reactants are found in what sample

A

serum

20
Q

increase rapidly because of infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues.

A

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

20
Q

acute pahse reactants are produced primarily in

A

hepatocytes

20
Q

Bind to microorganisms and promote adherence (first step in phagocytosis)

Limit destruction caused by proteolytic enzymes from WBCs during phagocytosis

A

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

20
Q

main reactive protein of c-reactive protein

A

opsonization

20
Q

The body’s overall reaction to injury or invasion by an infectious agent

A

INFLAMMATION

20
Q

The five cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness (erythema)
Swelling (edema)
Heat
Pain
Loss of function

20
Q

Combats early stages of infection, repairs tissue damage

A

Acute inflammation

20
Q

Prolonged inflammation due to failure to remove microorganisms or injured tissue, leading to continued tissue damage and loss of function

A

Chronic inflammation

20
Q

Most active phagocytes

A

neutrophils
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells

20
Q

other name of neutrophils

A

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophilic Leukocytes, Segmenters

20
Q

Most abundant WBC in adults

A

neutrophils

20
Q

nucleus in neutrophils

A

2 to 5 lobes

20
Q

main function of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis

21
Q

Movement through blood vessel
walls to tissues.

A

Diapedesis

21
Q

Migration towards specific areas
guided by chemotactic factors.

A

Chemotaxis

21
Q

Increase in allergic reactions or parasitic infections.

A

EOSINOPHILS

21
Q

Represent less than 1% of all circulating WBCs.

Contain coarse, deep-bluish-purple granules that often obscure the nucleus.

A

BASOPHILS

21
Q

Precursor for macrophages

A

MONOCYTES

21
Q

Nucleus - Irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped.

Cytoplasm - Ground-glass appearance with fine dust-like
granules.

A

MONOCYTES

21
Q

Arise from monocytes.
Differentiation and cell division occur in tissues.

A

MACROPHAGES

21
Q

fxns of macrophages

A

Innate Immunity
Activation
Adaptive Immunity

21
Q

play a role in allergic reactions, but they can also function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

They can both enhance and suppress the adaptive immune response.

A

MAST CELLS

21
Q

Named for long membranous extensions resembling nerve cell dendrites.

A

DENDRITIC CELLS

21
Q

First line of defense against
virally infected cells, intracellular
pathogens, and tumor cells

Eliminate target cells without
prior exposure

Lack specificity, essential for early
defense

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

21
Q

Binding Receptors on NK Cells

A

Inhibitory Receptors
Activating Receptors

21
Q

Deliver inhibitory signals

A

Inhibitory Receptors

21
Q

Trigger cytotoxic mechanisms

A

Activating Receptors

21
Q

Healthy cells inhibitory signals from

A

class I MHC proteins

21
Q

Lack MHC proteins (“missing self”), activating signals from stress proteins

A

Diseased/cancerous cells

21
Q

form channels (pores) in target cell membrane

A

Perforins

22
Q

enter through channels, mediate cell lysis

A

Granzymes enter

22
Q

nkc elimination of target cells in how many minutes

A

30-60 minutes

22
Q

NK cells recognize and lyse antibodycoated cells

A

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity

22
Q

Specificity for individual pathogens

Ability to remember prior exposures

Increased response upon repeated exposure

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

22
Q

Mature in the bone marrow
Differentiate into plasma cells
Produce antibodies

A

B cells/lymphocytes

22
Q

Based on clonal selection, expansion, and differentiation of antigen-specific T and B cells

Greater speed and intensity in response to re-encounter with the same pathogen

Protects host from reinfection

A

Immunologic Memory

22
Q

Differentiation starts very early in fetal development

A

Lymphocyte Maturation

22
Q

Early precursors enter the thymus at the … and migrate to the outer cortex

A

corticomedullary junction

22
Q

Drive migration
Recruit specific cells to particular sites

A

Chemokines

22
Q

Precursors committed to becoming T cells

Undergo gene rearrangement for antigen receptor

Display distinct surface markers during development

A

Thymocytes

22
Q

Lack CD4 and CD8 markers

A

Double-Negative (DN) Thymocytes

22
Q

Random gene rearrangement builds diversity

TCR consists of alpha (α) and beta (β) chains

A

T-Cell Receptor (TCR) Gene
Rearrangement

22
Q

Express both CD4 and CD8 antigens

A

Double-Positive (DP) Thymocytes

22
Q

Allows only DP cells with functional TCR receptors to survive

T cells must recognize foreign antigen with MHC molecules

A

Positive Selection

22
Q

Eliminates clones capable
of autoimmune response

A

Negative Selection

22
Q

recognize antigen with class
II MHC

A

CD4+ T

22
Q

cells interact with antigen and
class I MHC

A

CD8+ T

22
Q

protect cells against intracellular pathogens by activating cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages

A

T helper 1 cells

22
Q

help B cells produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens and to generally regulate
B-cell activity

A

T helper 2 cells

22
Q

Have proinflammatory effect

Stimulate growth of hematopoietic cells (mast cells); may promote autoimmune inflammation

A

T helper 9 cells

22
Q

Increase inflammation and joint destruction

Associated with autoimmune disease

A

T helper 17 cells

22
Q

Th17 cells produce

A

IL-17
IL-22

22
Q

Leave secondary lymphoid tissues, target infection sites

Bind and kill infected cells via apoptosis, antigen-specific

A

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

22
Q

Differentiate into cytotoxic lymphocytes, proliferate,
migrate to affected tissues

A

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

22
Q

result of cytotoxic t cells

A

Apoptosis

22
Q

The earliest stage requiring direct contact with stromal cells and involving several transcription
factors.

A

progenitor B cells

22
Q

Heavy and light chain genes rearrange to create specific antibody molecules

A

progenitor B cells

22
Q

interacts with stromal cell factors to trigger gene rearrangement.

A

C-Kit

22
Q

B cells remain in the spleen

A

Marginal zone B cells

22
Q

B cells circulate in secondary
lymphoid organs

A

follicular B cells

22
Q

Their primary role is antibody
production.

A

PLASMA CELLS

22
Q

used to identify and differentiate between different types of cells

A

CLUSTERS OF DIFFERENTIATION

22
Q

Identified by the presence of CD19 and surface antibody.

A

B cells

22
Q

Identified by the presence of CD3, CD2, and either CD4 or CD8.

A

T cells

22
Q

Primarily identified by CD4.

A

Helper T cells

22
Q

Primarily identified by CD8.

A

Cytotoxic T cells

22
Q

Identified by CD16 and CD56.

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

IMMUNOSERO (4 decks)

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