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IMMUNOSERO > Basic Serological Concepts and Principles > Flashcards

Basic Serological Concepts and Principles Flashcards

1
Q

scientific study of serum and other bodily fluids
measures the amount of Ag or Ab in serum

useful in:
- diagnosing a disease
- efficacy of vaccine
- monitoring therapy

A

SEROLOGY

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2
Q

The Antigen & Antibody bind specifically with each
other.

A

Antigen – Antibody Reaction

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3
Q

3 Stages of Ag-Ab Reactions

A

Formation of Ag-Ab complex
Formation of visible events
Destruction of Antigen

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4
Q

Formation of Ag-Ab complex

A

Binding/Recognition

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5
Q

Destruction of Antigen

A

Immune Response Activation and Neutralization

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5
Q

Formation of visible events

A

Agglutination and Precipitation

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6
Q

The combining site of an antibody is located in the Fab portion of the molecule and antigen nestles in a cleft.

A

Lock and Key Concept

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7
Q

Bonds that hold the antigen to the antibody

A

Non-covalent Bonds

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8
Q

Since Ag-Ab reactions occur via non-covalent
bonds, they are by their nature reversible.

A

Reversibility

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9
Q

formed between hydrogen of one molecule to usually, a nitrogen or oxygen in another molecule

A

Hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

attraction between oppositely charged ions (positive and negative charges)

A

Electrostatic bonds

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11
Q

Non-polar regions of the antigen and antibody tend to cluster together to avoid water, resulting in a stabilizing interaction.

A

Hydrophobic bonds

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12
Q

nonspecific attractive forces generated by the interaction between electron clouds and hydrophobic bonds

A

Van der Waals

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13
Q

refers to the strength of a single antibody-antigen
interaction. Each IgG antigen binding site has high
affinity for its target.

A

Affinity

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14
Q

refers to the strength of all interactions combined. IgM typically has low affinity antigen binding sites, but there are ten of them, so avidity is high.

A

Avidity

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15
Q

measures the acidity or alkalinity of a
solution

A

pH

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16
Q

neutral pH between

A

6.8-7.0

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17
Q

incubation period allows Ag-Ab to
optimally bind to each other

A

Time

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18
Q

shortens distance between Ag and Ab, allowing interaction to occur

A

Centrifugation

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19
Q

influences antibody action

A

Temperature

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20
Q
  • Best at 37oC
  • Can cross the placenta
A

Warm-reacting Ab

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21
Q

Physical Form of the Antigen that is more visible reactions

A

Cellular antigens

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21
Q
  • Best at 4-22oC
  • Can activate complement
A

Cold-reacting Ab

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22
Q

Physical Form of the Antigen that is less
visible reactions

A

Soluble antigens

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23
Q

detects presence or absence of Ab/Ag

A

Qualitative test

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24
Q

determine concentration of Ab/Ag

A

Quantitative test

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25
Q

– concentration of an antibody expressed as the
highest dilution of a serum that produces a positive
result.

A

Titer

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26
Q

time where antibodies start to appear the development of detectable specific antibodies in
serum

A

Seroconversion

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27
Q

time where antibodies start to disappear

A

Seroreversion

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28
Q

The ability of a population of Ab molecules to
react with more than one antigen.

A

Cross reactivity

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29
Q

ability of a test to detect a very small amounts of a substance

A

analytical sensitivity

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30
Q

ability of a test to give positive result if px has the disease

A

clinical sensitivity

31
Q

represent cases in which individuals with the particular disease test negative by a certain test

A

False-negatives

32
Q

ability of test to detect substance without interference from cross-reacting substances

A

analytical specificity

32
Q

ability of test to give negative result if patient does not have disease

A

clinical specificity

32
Q

with visible effects

A

SECONDARY

32
Q

represent cases in which individuals without the particular disease test positive by certain tests

A

False-positives

32
Q

– rapid initial reaction without
visible effects

A

PRIMARY

33
Q

– In vivo testing

A

TERTIARY

34
Q
  • Detects initial interaction
    between antigen and antibody
  • Not visible to the naked eye
A

Primary / Initial Reactions

35
Q

any substance that will
complex to another substance

A

Ligand/Analyte

36
Q

pros of Primary / Initial Reactions

A

– Highly sensitive
– Can detect picogram or
nanogram amounts of
Ag or Ab concentration

36
Q

one reactant is labeled so that the amount of binding can be measured

A

Ligand assay

37
Q

Cons of Primary / Initial Reactions

A

– Expensive
– Hazardous to health
– Requires special training

37
Q
  • Patient antigen in the serum competes with labelled
    antigen to limited binding sites in immobilized antibodies on the test medium
  • Detects antigens (+)
  • Inverse relationship
A

Competitive Reaction

38
Q
  • Patient antigen in the serum competes with labelled
    antigen to limited binding sites in immobilized
    antibodies on the test medium
  • Detects antibodies (+)
A

Indirect Noncompetitive

38
Q

Immobilized antibodies specific for patient Ag
Detects antigens (+)

A

Sandwich / Capture Noncompetitive

39
Q
  • Uses radioisotopes as labels (Carbon14, 135I, 131I, tritium)
  • Measured by scintillation counter or gamma/beta rays counter
  • More sensitive than ELISA
A

Radioimmunoassays

40
Q

Detects total IgE (+)

A

Radioimmunosorbent test (RIST)

40
Q

Detects allergen specific IgE (+)

A

Radioadsorbent test (RAST)

41
Q
  • Use enzyme as ligand + chromogenic substrate → colorimetric rxn
  • Measured by spectrophotometer
  • Less sensitive than RIA
A

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

42
Q
  • Detected by flow cytometer
  • Uses fluorescent dyes
A

Immunofluorescence assay (IFA)

43
Q

color of Fluorescein isothiocyanate

A

green

44
Q

color of Tetramethyl rhodamine

A

red

44
Q

color of 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole

A

blue

45
Q

color of Alexa flour dyes

A

multiple colors

45
Q

Detects consequence (outcome) of antigen-antibody
binding

  • Pros:
    – Directly visible to the naked eye
    – No label needed
  • Cons:
    – Less sensitive
A

Secondary Reactions

46
Q
  • Involves the actions of antibody (agglutinin) and
    cellular/particulate antigen (agglutinogen)
A

Agglutination

46
Q

Upfront reaction of antibodies to antigens which are
part of the cell surface ; detects antibodies (+)

A

Direct Agglutination

46
Q
  • Antigen binds to soluble antibody coated on
    carrier particles resulting to agglutination
  • Detects antigens (+)
A

Reverse Passive Agglutination

47
Q

An agglutination reaction that employs particles
that are coated with antigen not normally found in
the cell surface

Detects antibodies (+)

A

Passive Agglutination

48
Q
  • Autoantibody binds to Fc portion of labprepared antibodies in which Fab sites have coated carrier particles causing agglutination
  • Detects antibodies (+)
A

Modified Reverse
Passive Agglutination

49
Q
  • Using protein A of inert bacteria S. aureus, in
    which Fc portion of IgG binds to, leaving the Fab
    sites free to interact with antigen of patient sample
  • Detects antigens (+)
A

Coagglutination

50
Q
  • Makes use of some viruses that have receptors
    for red blood cell (RBC) antigens
  • Detects antigens (+)
A

Viral Hemagglutination

51
Q

Also known as Coombs’ Test or Antiglobulin Test (AGT)

A

Coombs Test

51
Q

the degree of negative charge on the
surface of a red blood cell

A

Zeta potential

51
Q
  • Detects antibodies (+) ; positive result is absence
    of agglutination since RBCs not clumped
A

Agglutination Inhibition Reaction

52
Q

Autoantibodies (IgG) + own red cells

A

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

52
Q

Recipient antibodies + donor red cells

A

Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions

52
Q

Detect in vivo binding of IgG to RBCs

A

Direct Coombs’ Test

53
Q

used to detect very low concentrations of antibodies present in a patient’s plasma/serum prior to a blood transfusion

A

Indirect Coombs Test

53
Q

Maternal antibodies + fetus red cells

A

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)

53
Q

used to detect antibodies or complement proteins bounded to the surface of RBCs

A

direct Coombs test

53
Q
  • Detects in vitro binding of IgG to RBCs
  • Also known as indirect antiglobulin test
    (IAT)
A

Indirect Coombs’ Test

54
Q
  • Ability of specific antibodies to block the site(s)
    on bacteria or viruses that they use to enter cell
  • Positive result is no cell lysis
A

Neutralization

54
Q
  • Detects fixed amount of antibodies (+)
  • Positive result is no hemolysis
A

Complement Fixation Test

55
Q
  • Uses soluble antigen to detect IgG (+)
  • Positive result is a precipitate (+)
A

Precipitation

56
Q
  • In vivo serologic reactions
  • Determination of the protective value of
    antiserum in the test
A

Tertiary Reactions

IMMUNOSERO (8 decks)

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