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GI > Intro To gi > Flashcards

Intro To gi Flashcards

1
Q

What is absent in smooth muscles?

A

Troponin

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2
Q

Characteristics of Smooth muscles?

A

No striations, no troponin, calcium binds to calmodulin

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3
Q

Where is the source of calcium found in smooth muscles? And why?

A

In the ECF because SR is poorly developed

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4
Q

Is smooth muscle autonomic or somatic?

A

Autonomic because of para and sympathetic

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5
Q

Types of smooth muscle?

A

Single unit and multi unit

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6
Q

Single unit characteristics:

A
  1. Walls of hollow viscera
  2. Contracts as a single unit because of gap junctions
  3. Syncytial
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7
Q

Describe smooth muscle contraction

A
  1. Action potential
  2. L type voltage gated calcium channels
  3. Calcium comes into cell from ecf
  4. Calcium binds to calmodulin and forms calcium calmodulin complex
  5. Activates MLCK
  6. Activates myosin ATPase
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8
Q

Describe relaxation of smooth muscle:

A

In cytosol free Ca2+ decreases and causes calcium calmodulin to dissociate, MLCK gets dissociated

  1. Nitric oxide stimulates cGMP
  2. MLCP gets activated and removes phosphate group
  3. Myosin actin dissociates from eachother
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9
Q

Where is multi unit smooth muscles found?

A

In ciliary muscles

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10
Q

How do multi units contract?

A

Independently as multiple units

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11
Q

Which is syncytial and non syncytial?

A

Single units are syncytial and multi units are non syncytial

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12
Q

What kind of enzymes do lysosomes contain?

A

It contains acidic enzymes called hydrolase

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13
Q

What are the steps of smooth muscle AP?

A

Slow wave potential
Spikes
Depolarization
Hyperpolarization

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14
Q

What are slow wave potentials?

A

Below threshold, move slowly, resting membrane potential
Generated by pacemaker which are interstitial cells of cajal… located in myentric plexus

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15
Q

What are spikes of smooth muscle AP?

A

True action potential
Generated when RMP becomes more positive

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16
Q

What activates spike and depolarization?

A

Parasympathetic

17
Q

What are the two types of enteric nervous system?

A

Myentric plexus and meissners plexus

18
Q

What are the location and function of myentric plexus?

A

Muscularis later and motility

19
Q

What is the location and function of meissners plexus?

A

Submucosa and secretion

20
Q

What muscles are found in the muscularis layer?

A

Circular (inside) and longitudinal (outside)

21
Q

What is secreted by the parietal cells?

A

HCL and IF which stimulate the absorption of B12

22
Q

What is secreted by the chief cells?

A

Pepsinogen

23
Q

What part of the stomach are parietal and chief cells found?

A

Body of stomach

24
Q

What is found in the antrum?

A

G cells, D cells and mucous cells

25
Q

What are found in the Antrum of the stomach?

A

G cells which secretes gastrin
mucous cells secrete mucous for protection
d cells secrete somatostatin

26
Q

What cells are found in the pylorus of stomach?

A

I cells secrete CCK
S cells secrete secretin
K cells GIP

27
Q

Function of parasympathetic system

A

Contraction stimulated by Ach, increase in motility, increase in secretion and gastrin, and decrease constriction of sphincters

28
Q

Function of sympathetic

A

Relaxation stimulated by no, vip, decrease in motility, decrease in secretion and gastrin, and increase constriction of sphincters

29
Q

What is the function of GIP?

A

Stimulates insulin release

30
Q

What is the functions of somatostatin and what cells are they released from?

A

D cells and they inhibit gastric acid secretions. There is a decrease in gastric acid, pancreatic secretion and gall bladder contraction

31
Q

What are the functions of secretin?

A

It stimulates bicarbonate secretion and inhibits gastric emptying

32
Q

What is released by fat cells of adipose tissue?

A

Leptin

33
Q

What is released from mucosal cells during fasting?

A

Ghrelin

34
Q

What stimulates anorexiagenic neurons and what does it do?

A

Leptin and decreases appetite

35
Q

What stimulates orexigenic neurons and what does it do?

A

Ghrelin and increased appetite

36
Q

Difference between incretins and and amylin?

A

Incretins secretes insulin from the pancreas and Amylin slows gastric emptying and lowers plasma glucose

37
Q

Where is vitamin B12 absorbed ?

A

Ileum

38
Q

A 35-year-old man with decreased gastrointestinal motility is shown to have no slow waves on
electric potential and force transducer recordings from gastrointestinal muscles over a period of
60 seconds. Which of the following is the best description of slow waves in the gastrointestinal
tract?
A. Contraction of skeletal muscle
B. Depolarization and repolarization of smooth muscles cells
C. Hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells
D. Increase in secretions of smooth muscle cells
E. Relaxation of smooth muscle cells

A

B

39
Q

A 10-year-old boy consumes a cheeseburger, fries, and chocolate shake. The meal stimulates the
release of several gastrointestinal hormones. The presence of fat, carbohydrate, or protein in the
duodenum stimulates the release of which. Hormone from the duodenal mucosa?

A

GI (12 decks)

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