Development of GI Flashcards
1
Q
What is formed during the process of gastrulation?
A
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
2
Q
What germ layer produces neural crest cells?
A
Ectoderm
3
Q
What does neural crest cells do?
A
Migrate to head and neck region
4
Q
What are the pharyngeal arches and what does it contain?
A
1,2,3,4, and 6
Contains mesoderm and neural crest cells
5
Q
What are pharyngeal pounches lined with?
A
Endoderm
6
Q
What are pharyngeal clefts lined with?
A
ectoderm
7
Q
What separates the tongue?
A
Terminal sulcus
8
Q
What makes up the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
A
Develops from the 1st pharyngeal arches as two lateral swellings and one medial swelling
9
Q
What makes up the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
A
2,3,4 arch. But 3 grows over 2
10
Q
What supplies the general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
A
Lingual branch of trigeminal nerve
11
Q
What supplies the taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
A
Chorda tympani
12
Q
What originates from the foramen cecum?
A
thyroglossal duct
13
Q
What supplies the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
A
Glyssopharyngeal (CN IX) nerve provides the general and taste sensation
14
Q
What supplies the muscles of the tongue?
A
Hypoglossal except palatoglossus which is vagus nerve
15
Q
What is the condition, where the tongue stays tied to the floor?
A
Ankyloglossia
16
Q
____ organs are suspended by mesentery
A
Intraperitoneal
17
Q
Where are primary retroperitoneal organs located?
A
Behind the peritoneum
18
Q
Ectoderm undergoes neuralation to form what?
A
The brain and spinal cord
19
Q
Why are secondary retroperitoneal organs known as this?
A
Because they once had peritoneum but later lost it
20
Q
What is Ectopia thorax?
A
heart outside ventral body wall
21
Q
What is a mesentery ?
A
Double layer of visceral peritoneum
22
Q
Name the intraperitoneal organs?
Mnemonic: SALTD SPRSS (salted spurs)
A
Stomach, Appendix (and cecum), Liver (and gall bladder), duodenum (1st part), Small intestine, Tail of pancreas, Spleen, Sigmoid colon and Transverse colon
23
Q
Characteristics of gastrochisis
A
when the intestinal loop herniate into into amniotic cavity, polyhydraminios, AFP in maternal serum
24
Q
What induces the formation of the development of nueral tube?
A
Notochord
25
Name the Primary retroperitoneal organs
(KLAUS)
Kidneys (and adrenal glands), Lower rectum and anal canal, aorta, IVC, Ureters, Sympathetic trunks
26
What is the extension of the primitive gut tube?
From the stomodeum to the proctodeum
27
Name the secondary retroperitoneal organs
(UPDAD)
Upper rectum, Pancreas (except tail), duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon
28
What makes up the ventral mesentery?
(Less FaCTs)
lesser omentum, falciform lig, coronary lig, triangular lig
29
What are the divisions of the primitive gut tube?
Foregut, midgut, and hindgut
30
Where does the ventral mesentery attach?
Anterior/ventral body wall of stomach
31
What is the extention of the foregut?
from distal esophagus to 2nd part of the duodenum
32
What makes up the dorsal mesentery?
(MoM SaT Great)
mesentery of small intestine, mesoappendix, sigmoid mesocolon, transverse mesocolon, greater omentum
33
Where is the midgut?
from the 2nd part of duodenum to the proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
33
What separates the trachea and esophagus and at what week does it form?
tracheoesophageal septum and 4th week
34
What makes up the ventral and dorsal part of the tracheoesophageal trachea?
ventral: lung bud
dorsal: esophagus
35
Tracheoesophageal diverticulum separates ____ from ____ and forms respiratory primordium and esophagus
lung bud and foregut
36
What happens if the TES or esophagus is shortened?
Causes tracheoesophageal fistula or esophageal atresia
37
What is a sign of esophageal atresia on a scan?
air in stomach
38
What is an atresia?
Complete block
39
What are the derivatives of the foregut?
(LEGS Drink PeanutButter)
esophagus,stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, first and upper 1/2 of second part of duodenum, biliary apparatus
40
What symptoms are seen in the tracheoesophageal fistula
polyhydramnios, esophageal stenosis, just milk vomitous, aspiration pneomia
41
At which week does the stomach and spleen start to develop?
4th
42
Which 2 ligaments are found in the lesser omentum?
Hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric
43
What are the derivatives of the midgut?
duodenum (lower 1/2), ileum, jejunum, ascending colon, trnsverse colon (proximal/ right 2/3) appendix
44
Which ligaments are found in the greater omentum?
(GGGS)
Gastrorenal, gastrosplenic, gastrocolic, splenorenal
45
Wht are the derivatives for the hindgut?
rectum, transverse colon (distal/ left 1/3), anal canal, sigmoid and descending colon
46
What is the artery found in the foregut?
Celiac artery
47
What is the artery found in the midgut?
Superior messentric artery
48
What is the artery found in the hindgut?
Inferior messentric artery
49
How much degrees does the stomach rotate around its longitudinal and antero-posterior axis?
90 degrees
50
What's the space behind the stomach called?
Omental bursa
51
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the foregut?
Vagus nerve
52
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the midgut?
Vagus nerve
53
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut?
Pelvic splanchnic nerve
54
Sympathetic nerve innervation and post ganglion of foregut:
T5-T9 thoracic splanchnic nerve
Celiac ganglion
55
An infant is brought to the ER with symptoms of severe projectile nonbilious vomiting and hypertrophy, and is treated with erythromycin. What is the cause for his symptoms?
Pyloric stenosis
56
Sympathetic nerve innervation and post ganglion of midgut:
T10-T11
SMA ganglion
57
Sympathetic nerve innervation and ganglion of hindgut:
L1-L2
IMA
58
Which nerve rotates with the stomach?
Vagal
59
____ orophys is where the esophagus ends and stomach begins
cardiac
60
What is the referred pain in the foregut?
Epigastrium
61
What is the referred pain in the midgut?
Umbilical
62
____ orophys is where the stomach ends and duodenum begins
pyloric
63
What is the referred pain in the hindgut?
Hypogastrium
64
What are the two ligaments that make up the spleen?
Gastrosplenic and splenorenal
65
Location of gastrosplenic ligament:
mesentery between spleen and stomach
66
Location of splenorenal lig:
mesentery between spleen and dorsal body wall
67
What is the connective tissue that holds the primitve gut tube and attaches it to the post. abdominal wall?
dorsal mesogastrium/mesentry
-called peritoneum in adults
68
Which two buds make up the pancreas?
Ventral and dorsal
69
____ bud forms unicinate process & inferior part of head of pancreas
Ventral
70
Where does the duodenum develop from and what arteries supply it?
From the foregut and midgut, both celiac and supermesentric artery
71
____ bud forms the remaining part of gland
Dorsal
72
What is formed from the distal part of dorsal pancreatic duct and ventral pancreatic duct?
Main pancreatic duct
73
What marks the junction between the two parts of the duodenum?
major duodenal papilla
74
Which duct does the main pancreatic duct join with?
Bile
75
When the main pancreatic duct and bile duct join, where do they open in to?
Major duodenal papilla (2nd part of duodenum)
76
What occurs during the second month of developement in duodenum?
obliteration and recanilization
77
____ pancreatic duct derived from proximal part of dorsal pancreatic duct
Accessory
78
Problems with recanilization leads to what?
Stenosis and atresia
79
Where does the accessory pancreatic duct open in to?
Minor duodenal papilla
80
An infant presents to the ER with an annular pancreas (caused by abnormal rotation of the ventral bud), bilious vomiting, polyhydramnios, and a radiograph shows two bubbles. What is the result of these symptoms?
Duodenum stenosis
81
As stomach rotates, duodenum takes
form of a _____ loop and rotates to
the _____
C shaped loop and rotates to the right
82
____ develops as a ventral bud from the anterior wall of the duodenum
Liver
83
What develops at week 5 during the development of the small and large intestines?
primary intestinal loop (midgut)
84
Which duct forms the gallbladder and cystic duct?
Bile duct
85
At the apex of the loop, the lumen of the loop
communicate with the yolk sac by __________
vitelline duct
86
_____ biliary atresia is rare and correctable
Extrahepatic
87
What herniates first, cephalic or caudal limbs?
Cephalic
88
_____ biliary atresia is rare and lethal
Intrahepatic
89
What are the three parts that the cephalic limb herniates into?
Distal part of the duodenum, jejunum, and part of the ileum
90
The caudal limb of the loops develops into:
Lower portion of the ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal two third of the transverse colon
91
What is physiological umbilical herniation and when does it occur?
when the midgut loop rotates 90 degrees while herniating through the primitive umbilical ring and occurs at week 6
92
At week 10, the herniated intestinal loop rotates ____ as it returns to the abdominal cavity, hence reducing the ____________
180 degrees
physiological umbilical herniation
93
Which clinical condition is a persistent remnant of the vitelline duct, is 2 feet from the ileocecal junction, 2 inches long, and seen in 2% of the population?
Meckel's diverticulum
94
What are other names for Meckel's diverticulum?
Omphaloenteric duct (yolk sac) and omphalomesenteric duct
95
During physiological umbilical herniation the
midgut loop undergoes a _____ ________
rotation around the axis of the_________
270 degrees counter clockwise
Superior mesentric artery
96
At week 6, ____ appears conical projection during the development of the cecum and appendix
cecal bud
97
What causes fecal discharge to be found at the umbilicus and is a persistence of patent vitelline duct?
Vitelline (umbilical) fistula
98
At what week does the herniated intestinal loop rotates 180 degrees and what does it do?
At week 10, the herniated intestinal loop rotates
180 degrees and returns to the abdominal cavity
99
What causes a vitelline cyst to occur?
When both ends of the vitelline duct transform into fibrous cords in the middle
100
Where does the cecum lie ?
Below the liver
101
Cecum lies below liver and closing descends to right _____, placing________ and _________ to right side of abdomen.
Cecum lies below liver and closing descends to right iliac fossa, placing ascending colon and hepatic flexure to right side of abdomen
102
Cecum lies below liver and closing descends to right iliac fossa, placing ascending colon and hepatic flexure to right side of abdomen. What also occurs during this process?
Cecal bud forms a narrow diverticulum, the appendix and finally occupies retrocecal position
103
This condition is the absence of parasympathetic ganglia in bowel wall, trouble passing meconium, chronic constipation, and a failure of neural crest cells from migrating
Hirshsprung disease
104
What is another name for Hirshsprung disease?
Congenital Megacolon
105
What separates the urogential sinus and the rectum and upper anal canal?
Urorectal septum
106
Which week does the gut form?
5th week
107
Abnormal rotation of the primary intestinal loop. Condition where the midgut undergoes partial rotation, resulting in abnormal position of the abdominal viscera
Midgut volvulus
108
What is persistence of a portion of the mesocolon?
Mobile cecum
109
What is entrapment of portions of small intestine behind the mesolocolon?
Retro colic hernia
110
A 5-year-old boy is admitted to the hospital with projectile vomiting. Physical examination reveals severe dysphagia. Two days later the boy develops aspiration pneumonia. Esophagographic examination shows webs and strictures in the distal third of the thoracic esophagus. Which of the following developmental conditions will most likely explain the symptoms?
⃣.A Incomplete recanalization of the esophagus
during the eighth week
⃣ B. Tracheoesophageal fistula
⃣ C. Esophageal atresia
⃣ D. Duodenal atresia
⃣ E. Duodenal stenosis
A
111
The vomitus of a 5-day-old infant contains stomach contents and bile. The vomiting has continued for 2 days. Radiographic examinations reveal stenosis of the fourth part of the duodenum. The child cries almost constantly, appearing to be hungry all of the time, yet does not gain any weight. Which of the following developmental conditions will most likely explain the
symptoms?
A. Patent bile duct
⃣ B. Duodenal stenosis
⃣ C. Hypertrophied pyloric sphincter
⃣ D. Atrophied gastric antrum
⃣ E. Tracheoesophageal fistula
B
112
Herniation of abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring. Viscera is covered by amnion
Omphalocele
113
A 5-day-old female infant has emesis (vomit) containing stomach contents and bile. The vomiting continues for 2 days. Radiographic examinations reveal stenosis of the third part of the duodenum. The child cries consistently and is constantly hungry, but she does not gain any weight. Which of the following conditions will most likely explain her symptoms?
⃣ A. Incomplete recanalization of the esophagus
during the eighth week
⃣ B. Incomplete recanalization of the duodenum
⃣ C. Esophageal atresia
⃣ D. Duodenal atresia
⃣ E. Tracheoesophageal fistula
B
114
A 2-hour-old male infant had been diagnosed in utero with polyhydramnios. Now he is vomiting stomach contents and bile. The vomiting continues for
2 days. Radiographic examination reveals a “double bubble” sign on ultrasound scan. The child cries consistently and is constantly hungry but has lost 300 g in weight. Which of the following conditions will most
likely explain the symptoms?
⃣ A. Duodenal stenosis
⃣ B. Duodenal atresia
⃣ C. Hypertrophied pyloric sphincter
⃣ D. Atrophied gastric antrum
⃣ E. Tracheoesophageal fistula
B
115
What results from an incomplete separation of hindgut from the urogenital sinus (by septum) or from a small cloaca ?
Urorectal and rectovaginal fistulas
116
What results from misexpression of genes during epithelial-mesenchymal signaling
Rectoperineal fistula
117
Failure of the anal membrane to breakdown (anus doesn't form)
Imperforate anus
