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GI > Development of GI > Flashcards

Development of GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is formed during the process of gastrulation?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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2
Q

What germ layer produces neural crest cells?

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

What does neural crest cells do?

A

Migrate to head and neck region

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4
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches and what does it contain?

A

1,2,3,4, and 6
Contains mesoderm and neural crest cells

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5
Q

What are pharyngeal pounches lined with?

A

Endoderm

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6
Q

What are pharyngeal clefts lined with?

A

ectoderm

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7
Q

What separates the tongue?

A

Terminal sulcus

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8
Q

What makes up the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Develops from the 1st pharyngeal arches as two lateral swellings and one medial swelling

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9
Q

What makes up the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

2,3,4 arch. But 3 grows over 2

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10
Q

What supplies the general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Lingual branch of trigeminal nerve

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11
Q

What supplies the taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani

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12
Q

What originates from the foramen cecum?

A

thyroglossal duct

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13
Q

What supplies the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glyssopharyngeal (CN IX) nerve provides the general and taste sensation

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14
Q

What supplies the muscles of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal except palatoglossus which is vagus nerve

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15
Q

What is the condition, where the tongue stays tied to the floor?

A

Ankyloglossia

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16
Q

____ organs are suspended by mesentery

A

Intraperitoneal

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17
Q

Where are primary retroperitoneal organs located?

A

Behind the peritoneum

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18
Q

Ectoderm undergoes neuralation to form what?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Why are secondary retroperitoneal organs known as this?

A

Because they once had peritoneum but later lost it

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20
Q

What is Ectopia thorax?

A

heart outside ventral body wall

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21
Q

What is a mesentery ?

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum

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22
Q

Name the intraperitoneal organs?
Mnemonic: SALTD SPRSS (salted spurs)

A

Stomach, Appendix (and cecum), Liver (and gall bladder), duodenum (1st part), Small intestine, Tail of pancreas, Spleen, Sigmoid colon and Transverse colon

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23
Q

Characteristics of gastrochisis

A

when the intestinal loop herniate into into amniotic cavity, polyhydraminios, AFP in maternal serum

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24
Q

What induces the formation of the development of nueral tube?

A

Notochord

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25
Q

Name the Primary retroperitoneal organs
(KLAUS)

A

Kidneys (and adrenal glands), Lower rectum and anal canal, aorta, IVC, Ureters, Sympathetic trunks

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26
Q

What is the extension of the primitive gut tube?

A

From the stomodeum to the proctodeum

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27
Q

Name the secondary retroperitoneal organs
(UPDAD)

A

Upper rectum, Pancreas (except tail), duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon

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28
Q

What makes up the ventral mesentery?
(Less FaCTs)

A

lesser omentum, falciform lig, coronary lig, triangular lig

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29
Q

What are the divisions of the primitive gut tube?

A

Foregut, midgut, and hindgut

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30
Q

Where does the ventral mesentery attach?

A

Anterior/ventral body wall of stomach

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31
Q

What is the extention of the foregut?

A

from distal esophagus to 2nd part of the duodenum

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32
Q

What makes up the dorsal mesentery?
(MoM SaT Great)

A

mesentery of small intestine, mesoappendix, sigmoid mesocolon, transverse mesocolon, greater omentum

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33
Q

Where is the midgut?

A

from the 2nd part of duodenum to the proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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33
Q

What separates the trachea and esophagus and at what week does it form?

A

tracheoesophageal septum and 4th week

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34
Q

What makes up the ventral and dorsal part of the tracheoesophageal trachea?

A

ventral: lung bud
dorsal: esophagus

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35
Q

Tracheoesophageal diverticulum separates ____ from ____ and forms respiratory primordium and esophagus

A

lung bud and foregut

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36
Q

What happens if the TES or esophagus is shortened?

A

Causes tracheoesophageal fistula or esophageal atresia

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37
Q

What is a sign of esophageal atresia on a scan?

A

air in stomach

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38
Q

What is an atresia?

A

Complete block

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39
Q

What are the derivatives of the foregut?
(LEGS Drink PeanutButter)

A

esophagus,stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, first and upper 1/2 of second part of duodenum, biliary apparatus

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40
Q

What symptoms are seen in the tracheoesophageal fistula

A

polyhydramnios, esophageal stenosis, just milk vomitous, aspiration pneomia

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41
Q

At which week does the stomach and spleen start to develop?

A

4th

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42
Q

Which 2 ligaments are found in the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric

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43
Q

What are the derivatives of the midgut?

A

duodenum (lower 1/2), ileum, jejunum, ascending colon, trnsverse colon (proximal/ right 2/3) appendix

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44
Q

Which ligaments are found in the greater omentum?
(GGGS)

A

Gastrorenal, gastrosplenic, gastrocolic, splenorenal

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45
Q

Wht are the derivatives for the hindgut?

A

rectum, transverse colon (distal/ left 1/3), anal canal, sigmoid and descending colon

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46
Q

What is the artery found in the foregut?

A

Celiac artery

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47
Q

What is the artery found in the midgut?

A

Superior messentric artery

48
Q

What is the artery found in the hindgut?

A

Inferior messentric artery

49
Q

How much degrees does the stomach rotate around its longitudinal and antero-posterior axis?

A

90 degrees

50
Q

What’s the space behind the stomach called?

A

Omental bursa

51
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the foregut?

A

Vagus nerve

52
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the midgut?

A

Vagus nerve

53
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerve

54
Q

Sympathetic nerve innervation and post ganglion of foregut:

A

T5-T9 thoracic splanchnic nerve
Celiac ganglion

55
Q

An infant is brought to the ER with symptoms of severe projectile nonbilious vomiting and hypertrophy, and is treated with erythromycin. What is the cause for his symptoms?

A

Pyloric stenosis

56
Q

Sympathetic nerve innervation and post ganglion of midgut:

A

T10-T11
SMA ganglion

57
Q

Sympathetic nerve innervation and ganglion of hindgut:

A

L1-L2
IMA

58
Q

Which nerve rotates with the stomach?

A

Vagal

59
Q

____ orophys is where the esophagus ends and stomach begins

A

cardiac

60
Q

What is the referred pain in the foregut?

A

Epigastrium

61
Q

What is the referred pain in the midgut?

A

Umbilical

62
Q

____ orophys is where the stomach ends and duodenum begins

A

pyloric

63
Q

What is the referred pain in the hindgut?

A

Hypogastrium

64
Q

What are the two ligaments that make up the spleen?

A

Gastrosplenic and splenorenal

65
Q

Location of gastrosplenic ligament:

A

mesentery between spleen and stomach

66
Q

Location of splenorenal lig:

A

mesentery between spleen and dorsal body wall

67
Q

What is the connective tissue that holds the primitve gut tube and attaches it to the post. abdominal wall?

A

dorsal mesogastrium/mesentry
-called peritoneum in adults

68
Q

Which two buds make up the pancreas?

A

Ventral and dorsal

69
Q

____ bud forms unicinate process & inferior part of head of pancreas

A

Ventral

70
Q

Where does the duodenum develop from and what arteries supply it?

A

From the foregut and midgut, both celiac and supermesentric artery

71
Q

____ bud forms the remaining part of gland

A

Dorsal

72
Q

What is formed from the distal part of dorsal pancreatic duct and ventral pancreatic duct?

A

Main pancreatic duct

73
Q

What marks the junction between the two parts of the duodenum?

A

major duodenal papilla

74
Q

Which duct does the main pancreatic duct join with?

A

Bile

75
Q

When the main pancreatic duct and bile duct join, where do they open in to?

A

Major duodenal papilla (2nd part of duodenum)

76
Q

What occurs during the second month of developement in duodenum?

A

obliteration and recanilization

77
Q

____ pancreatic duct derived from proximal part of dorsal pancreatic duct

A

Accessory

78
Q

Problems with recanilization leads to what?

A

Stenosis and atresia

79
Q

Where does the accessory pancreatic duct open in to?

A

Minor duodenal papilla

80
Q

An infant presents to the ER with an annular pancreas (caused by abnormal rotation of the ventral bud), bilious vomiting, polyhydramnios, and a radiograph shows two bubbles. What is the result of these symptoms?

A

Duodenum stenosis

81
Q

As stomach rotates, duodenum takes
form of a _____ loop and rotates to
the _____

A

C shaped loop and rotates to the right

82
Q

____ develops as a ventral bud from the anterior wall of the duodenum

A

Liver

83
Q

What develops at week 5 during the development of the small and large intestines?

A

primary intestinal loop (midgut)

84
Q

Which duct forms the gallbladder and cystic duct?

A

Bile duct

85
Q

At the apex of the loop, the lumen of the loop
communicate with the yolk sac by __________

A

vitelline duct

86
Q

_____ biliary atresia is rare and correctable

A

Extrahepatic

87
Q

What herniates first, cephalic or caudal limbs?

A

Cephalic

88
Q

_____ biliary atresia is rare and lethal

A

Intrahepatic

89
Q

What are the three parts that the cephalic limb herniates into?

A

Distal part of the duodenum, jejunum, and part of the ileum

90
Q

The caudal limb of the loops develops into:

A

Lower portion of the ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal two third of the transverse colon

91
Q

What is physiological umbilical herniation and when does it occur?

A

when the midgut loop rotates 90 degrees while herniating through the primitive umbilical ring and occurs at week 6

92
Q

At week 10, the herniated intestinal loop rotates ____ as it returns to the abdominal cavity, hence reducing the ____________

A

180 degrees
physiological umbilical herniation

93
Q

Which clinical condition is a persistent remnant of the vitelline duct, is 2 feet from the ileocecal junction, 2 inches long, and seen in 2% of the population?

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

94
Q

What are other names for Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Omphaloenteric duct (yolk sac) and omphalomesenteric duct

95
Q

During physiological umbilical herniation the
midgut loop undergoes a _____ ________
rotation around the axis of the_________

A

270 degrees counter clockwise
Superior mesentric artery

96
Q

At week 6, ____ appears conical projection during the development of the cecum and appendix

A

cecal bud

97
Q

What causes fecal discharge to be found at the umbilicus and is a persistence of patent vitelline duct?

A

Vitelline (umbilical) fistula

98
Q

At what week does the herniated intestinal loop rotates 180 degrees and what does it do?

A

At week 10, the herniated intestinal loop rotates
180 degrees and returns to the abdominal cavity

99
Q

What causes a vitelline cyst to occur?

A

When both ends of the vitelline duct transform into fibrous cords in the middle

100
Q

Where does the cecum lie ?

A

Below the liver

101
Q

Cecum lies below liver and closing descends to right _____, placing________ and _________ to right side of abdomen.

A

Cecum lies below liver and closing descends to right iliac fossa, placing ascending colon and hepatic flexure to right side of abdomen

102
Q

Cecum lies below liver and closing descends to right iliac fossa, placing ascending colon and hepatic flexure to right side of abdomen. What also occurs during this process?

A

Cecal bud forms a narrow diverticulum, the appendix and finally occupies retrocecal position

103
Q

This condition is the absence of parasympathetic ganglia in bowel wall, trouble passing meconium, chronic constipation, and a failure of neural crest cells from migrating

A

Hirshsprung disease

104
Q

What is another name for Hirshsprung disease?

A

Congenital Megacolon

105
Q

What separates the urogential sinus and the rectum and upper anal canal?

A

Urorectal septum

106
Q

Which week does the gut form?

A

5th week

107
Q

Abnormal rotation of the primary intestinal loop. Condition where the midgut undergoes partial rotation, resulting in abnormal position of the abdominal viscera

A

Midgut volvulus

108
Q

What is persistence of a portion of the mesocolon?

A

Mobile cecum

109
Q

What is entrapment of portions of small intestine behind the mesolocolon?

A

Retro colic hernia

110
Q

A 5-year-old boy is admitted to the hospital with projectile vomiting. Physical examination reveals severe dysphagia. Two days later the boy develops aspiration pneumonia. Esophagographic examination shows webs and strictures in the distal third of the thoracic esophagus. Which of the following developmental conditions will most likely explain the symptoms?
⃣.A Incomplete recanalization of the esophagus
during the eighth week
⃣ B. Tracheoesophageal fistula
⃣ C. Esophageal atresia
⃣ D. Duodenal atresia
⃣ E. Duodenal stenosis

A

A

111
Q

The vomitus of a 5-day-old infant contains stomach contents and bile. The vomiting has continued for 2 days. Radiographic examinations reveal stenosis of the fourth part of the duodenum. The child cries almost constantly, appearing to be hungry all of the time, yet does not gain any weight. Which of the following developmental conditions will most likely explain the
symptoms?
A. Patent bile duct
⃣ B. Duodenal stenosis
⃣ C. Hypertrophied pyloric sphincter
⃣ D. Atrophied gastric antrum
⃣ E. Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

B

112
Q

Herniation of abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring. Viscera is covered by amnion

A

Omphalocele

113
Q

A 5-day-old female infant has emesis (vomit) containing stomach contents and bile. The vomiting continues for 2 days. Radiographic examinations reveal stenosis of the third part of the duodenum. The child cries consistently and is constantly hungry, but she does not gain any weight. Which of the following conditions will most likely explain her symptoms?
⃣ A. Incomplete recanalization of the esophagus
during the eighth week
⃣ B. Incomplete recanalization of the duodenum
⃣ C. Esophageal atresia
⃣ D. Duodenal atresia
⃣ E. Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

B

114
Q

A 2-hour-old male infant had been diagnosed in utero with polyhydramnios. Now he is vomiting stomach contents and bile. The vomiting continues for
2 days. Radiographic examination reveals a “double bubble” sign on ultrasound scan. The child cries consistently and is constantly hungry but has lost 300 g in weight. Which of the following conditions will most
likely explain the symptoms?
⃣ A. Duodenal stenosis
⃣ B. Duodenal atresia
⃣ C. Hypertrophied pyloric sphincter
⃣ D. Atrophied gastric antrum
⃣ E. Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

B

115
Q

What results from an incomplete separation of hindgut from the urogenital sinus (by septum) or from a small cloaca ?

A

Urorectal and rectovaginal fistulas

116
Q

What results from misexpression of genes during epithelial-mesenchymal signaling

A

Rectoperineal fistula

117
Q

Failure of the anal membrane to breakdown (anus doesn’t form)

A

Imperforate anus

GI (12 decks)

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